Current risks of microbial infections in fish and their prevention methods: A review

Warming-induced excess deaths of infected animals depend on pathogen kingdom and evolutionary history

“…As most of the effect sizes for bacteria were calculated from aquatic hosts, our results suggest that bacterial pathogens might pose significant greater risk under warming, to aquatic hosts such as fishes. Increased disease outbreaks for aquatic animals, especially fishes, has been an overwhelming issue for the aquaculture industry, causing considerable economic damage and threats to human health [45]. Bacterial diseases are common in aquaculture, we suggest that future disease management should also consider the aggravating effects of warming on the severity of epidemics.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture: Risk Mitigation within One Health Context

“…They can be used to prevent bacterial infections in fish and other aquatic animals. At present, bacterial vaccines such as those targeting A. salmonicida, V. anguillarum, and Y. ruckeri are being utilized, with preparations underway for the vaccination against viral diseases [137]. They can be administered through injection or through the feed.…”

“…By using alternatives to antimicrobials, aquaculture producers can help to reduce the risk of AMR and promote the health of fish and other aquatic animals. It is recommended to plan strategies for AMR prevention and control in accordance with internationally recognized frameworks and locally available solutions [137] and use these alternatives to prevent the occurrence of aquatic animals` illnesses and reduce the use of antimicrobials.…”

Fish Pathogens: Infection and Biological Control

“…A key aspect of infectious diseases in fish farming is which preventive approaches should be prioritized to effectively block the emergence of disease outbreaks and the emergence of new pathogens or pathogen genotypes with high virulence (or with no crossprotection of available vaccines). Due to the wide range of infectious agents (different types of bacteria/genotypes, viruses, fungi, and protozoa), there are many knowledge gaps to be filled, such as import barriers between countries or production regions of live fish [16], the standardization of diagnosis methods that can detect fish in chronic stage of infection (or asymptomatic carriers), the monitoring of wild fish as sentinel animals/reservoirs to understand the risk of new emerging pathogens in farmed fish, especially in large water reservoirs located between the borders of countries with different stringency of sanitary programs [17], pathogenesis studies to better understand which tissues show high risk factors in fish imported as food, biosecurity plans within each country and fish farms, including basic protocols for fingerling or juvenile supplier, environmental and feed quality, cleaning and disinfection protocols, and new well-tested immunoprophylaxis products (commercial and/or autogenous vaccines) [18][19][20].…”