“…The LGN is a structure with well-defined anatomical boundaries, and well-described afferent, efferent, and receptive field The treatment of human lesions with protons or helium ions was pioneered in Berkeley, Uppsala, Sweden, Harvard and in the former Soviet Union (see review in [89,90]). There is an impressive literature in particular with regard to treatment of chordoma/chondrosarcoma [12,21,22,32,80,84,92,95,105,107], meningiomas [59,114] and choroidal melanoma [24,28,29,34,48,89,92]. Combinations of photons with a proton boost have been shown to offer an exceptional chance of cure at the price of an acceptable toxicity [83].…”