Current perspectives in analyte extraction strategies for tin and arsenic speciation

Enzyme-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenic species in chicken meat

“…Determination of trace concentrations of various arsenic species in solid samples, such as chicken meat, requires appropriate extraction [32][33][34][35][36][37][38], followed by efficient separation and sensitive detection [38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Most of the highly sensitive methods for arsenic speciation have used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation with detection of atomic fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) [21,22,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44].…”

Trends in the analysis and monitoring of organotins in the aquatic environment

“…Octadecylsilyl (C 18 ) (either as cartridges, columns or bound disks) is the most commonly used sorbent (Table 3). Other sorbents such as Carbopack, C 2 , C 8 , C 60 -fullerenes and cation-exchange phases are used to a lesser extent [32,[36][37][38]. On-line SPE coupled to LC is an attractive option, offering benefits in the reduction of analysis time, labour costs and a reduction in matrix effects.…”

Speciation of trace element compounds in samples of biota from marine ecosystems

“…Using only about 10% of the maximum power (20 -90 W) provided by commercially available systems, species can be leached from biological samples without elementcarbon bonds being broken. However, important parameters such as the extraction medium, power applied and exposure time have to be optimised in order to minimise possible losses or conversion of species (Dietz et al, 2007). The most important shortcoming of the method is the need to use polar solvents to liberate analytes, which very often have then to be derivatised and transferred to a non-polar solvent suitable for GC analysis.…”