Current Perspectives

Abstract

The purpose of coatings on implants is to achieve some or all of the improvements in biocompatibility, bioactivity, and increased protection from the release of harmful or unnecessary metal ions. During the last decade, there has been substantially increased interest in nanomaterials in biomedical science and dentistry. Nanocomposites can be described as a combination of two or more nanomaterials. By this approach, it is possible to manipulate mechanical properties, such as strength and modulus of the composites, to become closer to those of natural bone. This is feasible with the help of secondary substitution phases. Currently, the most common composite materials used for clinical applications are those selected from a handful of available and well-characterized biocompatible ceramics and natural and synthetic polymers. This approach is currently being explored in the development of a new generation of nanocomposite coatings with a wider range of oral and dental applications to promote osseointegration. The aim of this review is to give a brief introduction into the new advances in calcium phosphate nanocoatings and their composites, with a range of materials such as bioglass, carbon nanotubes, silica, ceramic oxide, and other nanoparticles being investigated or used in dentistry.

Effects of fluoridation of porcine hydroxyapatite on osteoblastic activity of human MG63 cells

“…During the past decades, much effort has been put into obtaining synthetic HA. Therefore, a variety of methods are available at present for this purpose, and synthetic HA has been widely studied, showing good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity [2, 3]. However, there are differences between synthetic HA and biological HA derived from animal bones.…”

Early bone healing onto implant surface treated by fibronectin/oxysterol for cell adhesion/osteogenic differentiation:in vivoexperimental study in dogs

“…Since the development of dental implants using titanium, various surface treatments have been studied to make a bioactive titanium surface through the concept of mimicking cellular events in bone formation and remodeling processes [1,20]. The two above-mentioned types of implant surfaces were also intended to transform the surface from "biotolerant" to "bioactive" titanium: The fibronectin and apatite coating was intended to promote cellular adhesion onto the surface as a first step in the healing process [23], and the oxysterol or apatite coating was intended to promote differentiation of the adhered cells [27].…”

“…Since the dental implant was first introduced, various fixture designs and surface treatments have been developed for enhancement of osseointegration [1,2]. These designs aimed to achieve implant treatment with less time required for the healing period and longer-term clinical stability.…”

“…The current development of implant surface technology has targeted the generation of a "biomimetic surface" on dental implants [1,20], in which biologic molecules have been applied onto the implant surface to stimulate osteogenesis and mimic each developmental step in the healing process. Extracellular matrix, peptides, and various growth factors are representative biologic molecules.…”

Evolving Marine Biomimetics for Regenerative Dentistry

“…Plant extracts are likely to provide valuable material substitutes made from polysaccharides, phytochemicals and proteins with superior cell and tissue interactivities than their synthetic counterparts [52]. However, their usage in regeneration therapies has not been fully exploited in practice because of the bias towards well-established restorative materials such as titanium [56], metal alloys [57], zirconia [58], bioactive glasses [59], calcium phosphates [60,61] and glass ionomer resins [62,63]. Many of these are now being gradually being adapted at the Nano metric scale to improve many functions and even superseded by a slowly increasing number of Nano biomaterials and biomimetic and bio inspired materials and structures but these have been limited to fabrication of coatings, new fillers, anti-bacterial factors and for tooth remineralisation strategies [63,64,65,66,67].…”