Current management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease—treatment costs, safety profile, and effectiveness: a narrative review

Abstract

Background The purpose of this study was to review the current management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), including treatment costs, safety profile and effectiveness. Methods A literature review was performed of randomized-controlled trials, systematic reviews, Cochrane reports and National/Societal guidelines of the medical, endoscopic and surgical management of GORD. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prescribing patterns and expenditure were reviewed in different countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK and USA. Results Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are primarily indicated for control of GORD, Helicobacter pylori eradication (combined with antibiotics), preventing NSAID-induced gastrointestinal bleeding and treating peptic ulcer disease. There is widespread overprescribing of PPIs in Western and Eastern nations in terms of indication and duration, with substantial expense for national health providers. Despite a favourable short-term safety profile, there are observational associations of adverse effects with long-term PPIs. These include nutrient malabsorption, enteric infections and cardiovascular events. The prevalence of PPI use makes their long-term safety profile clinically relevant. Cost-benefit, symptom control and quality-of-life outcomes favour laparoscopic fundoplication rather than chronic PPI treatment. Laparoscopic fundoplication in long-term management of PPI-responsive GORD is supported by SAGES, NICE and ACG, and PPI-refractory GORD by AGA and SAGES guidelines. The importance of establishing a definitive diagnosis prior to invasive management is emphasized, especially in PPI-refractory heartburn. Conclusions We examined evidence-based guidelines for PPI prescribing and deprescribing in primary care and hospital settings and the need for PPI stewardship and education of health professionals. This narrative review presents the advantages and disadvantages of surgical, endoscopic and medical management of GORD, which may assist in shared decision making and treatment choice in individual patients. This paper was presented (GS020) at the 88th RACS Annual Scientific Conference, 6-10 May, 2019.

The molecular pathogenesis of achalasia: a paired lower esophageal sphincter muscle and serum 4D label-free proteomic study

“…This goal can be accomplished by a variety of methods such as calcium channel blockers, nitrates, laparoscopic myotomy, per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), pneumatic dilation, or Botox injection [ 3 ]. However, all of the current treatments impair the normal anti-reflux barrier, which may lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (∼35.3% of achalasia patients presented esophagitis after treatment) [ 7 , 8 ]. Furthermore, these treatments are also palliative and often require repeated treatments (the mid-term recurrence rate of POEM was ∼18.0%) [ 9 ], which incurs huge medical expenditure.…”