“…Anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrial manufacturing, but also agriculture can increase the release of these emerging pollutants into the environment (Borgmann et al, 2005;Vukov, Smith and McGeer, 2016;Liu et al, 2017). Despite evidenced ecotoxicological effects of REEs on various organisms (Gonzalez et al, 2014;González et al, 2015;Oral et al, 2017;Gwenzi et al, 2018;Romero-Freire et al, 2018Pagano et al, 2019;Malhotra et al, 2020), the fate and behaviour of the REEs -and thus their impact on different ecosystems -are still relatively unknown (Kouhail, Dror and Berkowitz, 2019;Batley et al, 2022). Understanding their speciation in different natural environments is very important to evaluate their ecotoxicological risks since their different chemical species have different bioavailabilities and toxicities (Leybourne and Johannesson, 2008;Migaszewski and Galuszka, 2015;Khan et al, 2016;Romero-Freire et al, 2019;Malhotra et al, 2020;Lachaux et al, 2022).…”