Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites

Pucca, Manuela Berto; Knudsen, Carsten; Oliveira, Isadora Sousa de; Rimbault, Charlotte; Cerni, Felipe Augusto; Fan, Hui Wen; Sachett, Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves; Sartim, Marco A.; Laustsen, Andreas Hougaard; Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo

doi:10.3390/toxins12110668

Cited by 44 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, a number of hospital studies globally have also demonstrated that a snake bite is most often associated with low mortality. This may be corroborating the postulation of researchers that bites from venomous snakes are frequently ‘dry bites’ with low volume or no envenoming, resulting in low case fatality [ 28 ]. This could further be illustrated by a study conducted at the Toxinology and Toxicology Unit of the General Hospital of the Central Province of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, which demonstrated that up to 86% of the 776 snakebite admissions, received a bite in which no venom was injected [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Sanni¹,

Lawal²,

Musa³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Introduction Snakebites are common and constitute an important health problem in many countries of the world, with the greatest burden occurring in rural areas of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. They were classified by the World Health Organization as category A of neglected tropical diseases. Most studies on snake envenoming in Nigeria were among adult populations with few among children. This study assessed the prevalence and outcome of snakebite among children in Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi. Methods This was a four-year retrospective study in which the medical records of patients with managed snakebite were reviewed. A study proforma was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics, site of the bite, features of envenoming, pre-hospitalization intervention, hospital treatment, length of hospitalization, and outcome of treatment of the patients. Results There were 19 snakebite cases out of 5,195 admissions during the period under review, giving a prevalence of 0.0037 (3.7/1000) with a male:female ratio of 2:1. The majority (66.7%) of the children were aged between 11 and 15 years and the mean (± SD) age of the study population was 10.5 (± 3.3) years. The lower limb was the site of bite in 10 (55.6%) of the patients and clinical features included local pain (100%), local swelling of varying magnitude (16 (88.9%)), spontaneous bleeding eight (44.4%) among others. Ten (55.65%) patients presented after four hours of bite and the mean (±SD) duration of hospitalization was 2.11 (±0.58) days. Most (77.8%) received at least one form of pre-hospital care while only 66.7% received polyvalent anti-snake venin. The case fatality rate was 5.6% while 55.6% of patients signed against medical advice. Conclusion There was a low hospital prevalence of snakebite in children in the present study location with associated low mortality but a high rate of discharge against medical advice. Most of the patients had a pre-hospital intervention and anti-snake venin is not readily accessible.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Sanni¹,

Lawal²,

Musa³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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“…In the case of a suspected dry bite from a specimen of Naja kaouthia, the patient was evaluated in the emergency department and left prior to the recommended observation period without returning. It is important to note that the absence of any symptoms at arrival to a health care facility does not necessarily mean that the patient has experienced a dry bite as symptoms may be delayed [12]. The fingers and hands were the most common sites of envenomation.…”

Section: Patient Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exotic Snakebites Reported to Pennsylvania Poison Control Centers: Lessons Learned on the Demographics, Clinical Effects, and Treatment of These Cases

Miller

Osterhoudt

Korenoski

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Exotic snakebites (i.e. from non-native species) are a rare occurrence, but they present a unique challenge to clinicians treating these patients. Poison control centers are often contacted to assist in the management and care of these medical emergencies. In this study, we analyzed case records of the two Pennsylvania poison control centers from 2004 to 2018 to describe clinical features reported as a result of exotic snakebite envenomation. For the 15-year period reviewed, 18 exotic snakebites were reported with effects ranging from mild local tissue injury to patients who were treated with mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. The mean age of the patients was 35 years and males accounted for 83% of the cases. Antivenom, the only specific treatment, was administered in seven of 18 patients within an average of four h of envenomation. The procurement of antivenom against these exotic species may require substantial logistical efforts due to limited stocking of this rarely used treatment. Newer, targeted, small molecule treatments that are being currently investigated may aid in the treatment of snakebites in general. However, people should be cautious when handling these exotic species, and clinicians should be aware of these bites and relevant clinical effects in order to manage these when reported.

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“…Especially in warm and densely populated regions of rural communities, interactions are not uncommon, and envenomation is a considerable burden to the public health. About 5.4 million snakebites are estimated to occur per year and while each second bite is a so-called ‘dry-bite’ and no venom is injected, the amount of venom that can be delivered in the other half varies due to several factors [ 7 , 8 ]. The size of the individual snake and thereby the highest possible volume of injectable venom, the kind of species, the time since the last meal, and other aspects are responsible for the outcome of these encounters [ 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Old World Vipers—A Review about Snake Venom Proteomics of Viperinae and Their Variations

Damm

Hempel

Süssmuth

2021

Toxins

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Fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution, snake venoms have frightened but also fascinated humanity and nowadays they constitute potential resources for drug development, therapeutics and antivenoms. The continuous progress of mass spectrometry techniques and latest advances in proteomics workflows enabled toxinologists to decipher venoms by modern omics technologies, so-called ‘venomics’. A tremendous upsurge reporting on snake venom proteomes could be observed. Within this review we focus on the highly venomous and widely distributed subfamily of Viperinae (Serpentes: Viperidae). A detailed public literature database search was performed (2003–2020) and we extensively reviewed all compositional venom studies of the so-called Old-World Vipers. In total, 54 studies resulted in 89 venom proteomes. The Viperinae venoms are dominated by four major, four secondary, six minor and several rare toxin families and peptides, respectively. The multitude of different venomics approaches complicates the comparison of venom composition datasets and therefore we differentiated between non-quantitative and three groups of quantitative workflows. The resulting direct comparisons within these groups show remarkable differences on the intra- and interspecies level across genera with a focus on regional differences. In summary, the present compilation is the first comprehensive up-to-date database on Viperinae venom proteomes and differentiating between analytical methods and workflows.

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Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites

Cited by 44 publications

References 111 publications

Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Exotic Snakebites Reported to Pennsylvania Poison Control Centers: Lessons Learned on the Demographics, Clinical Effects, and Treatment of These Cases

Old World Vipers—A Review about Snake Venom Proteomics of Viperinae and Their Variations

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