Current Issues on Immunotherapy in Children

Abstract

Therapy of allergic diseases in children implicates avoidance of allergens, standard pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is the only treatment for allergic diseases with the ability to change the natural course of the disease, thus stopping its further progression as well as the development of new allergic diseases and new sensibilizations. The objective of this chapter is to give insight into the latest data on immunotherapy in treating children with allergic diseases. Methods: The study involved a search for relevant articles on the MEDLINE and PubMed up to 2017. Results: Numerous studies have shown that the sublingual application of allergen-specific immunotherapy is adequate, safe, and efficient in the therapy of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases of the respiratory tract in children, but there are still some questions to be solved concerning the usage of SLIT in children younger than 5 years old, SLIT for polysensitized patients, duration of SLIT, long-lasting effects of SLIT. Conclusions: In order to improve the clinical efficacy of SLIT, we are looking for new routes of administration, new allergens, new protocols as well as combination of SLIT with other immune modulatory treatments.

Effects of sulfane sulfur content in benzyl polysulfides on thiol-triggered H2S release and cell proliferation

“…Recently, evaluation of H 2 S-signaling mechanisms has revealed the formation of persulfides as a common intermediate leading to questions of whether persulfides and related S 0 -containing species are key signaling intermediates. 10 When considering sulfur oxidation states, persulfides possess reduced sulfur and S 0 , implying potential significance of S 0 in sulfur biology. 11 Under physiological conditions, S 0 readily oxidizes free thiol residues to generate persulfides via a reaction mechanism known as persulfidation, 12 and this process has been shown to upregulate the activity of key enzymes such as xanthine oxidase.…”

Assessment of Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy Compared to the Standard Treatment in Children with Bronchial Asthma in Zagazig University Hospitals

“…There is still a strong reliance on skin prick tests (SPTs) and intradermal testing as the gold standard for diagnosing IgE-mediated (type I) allergies and bronchial asthma. They are extensively used in outpatient clinics because they are simple to administer, cheap, and provide results rapidly (2) .…”

Cyclic Sulfenyl Thiocarbamates Release Carbonyl Sulfide and Hydrogen Sulfide Independently in Thiol-Promoted Pathways

“…Gasotransmitters, such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), are small gaseous signaling molecules that are produced endogenously and transmit chemical signals within the organism, tissues, and cells by acting on specific targets. [1][2][3] H 2 S, which is the youngest member of the gasotransmitter family, is generated from cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT)/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase , which work either individually or in concert to regulate H 2 S levels under physiological conditions. [4][5][6] Once generated, H 2 S plays important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological events.…”

“…Release from SulfenylTCMs in PBSA SulfenylTCM stock solution (50.0 μL, 10.0 mM in DMSO) was added to 20.0 mL of PBS (pH 7.40, 10.0 mM) containing CA (25.0 μg/mL) in a 25-mL scintillation vial. A thiol stock solution (0.100 M in H 2 O) was then added to generate the desired thiol working concentrations as shown inFigures 2,3,and 5…”