This study aimed to explore Mandarin Chinese teachers’ knowledge base in two different sociocultural contexts by comparing graduate level’s Teaching Chinese As a Foreign Language (TCFL) teacher education program curricula in China and the United States. The unit of analysis included four TCFL teacher education programs in both countries. The program curricula were analyzed based on three domains of knowledge, i.e., subject matter knowledge, procedural knowledge, and contextual knowledge. The comparative study results revealed that both countries focus on different domains of knowledge. China emphasis subject matters knowledge and the US focuses more on procedural knowledge. This study suggested that the TCFL teacher education program curricula in China should modify to focus more on the processes of Chinese second language teaching. The findings also asserted that the US’s TCFL teacher education curricula should focus more on the Chinese language subject matter knowledge so that graduates possess in-depth content knowledge to handle students’ misconceptions in second language acquisition. Mandarin Chinese teachers in both countries possess different domains of knowledge.