Current Insights in the Development of Efficacious Vaccines Against RSV

Soto, Jorge A.; Stephens, Laura; Waldstein, Kody; Canedo-Marroquín, Gisela; Varga, Steven M.; Kalergis, Alexis M.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01507

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…IL-33 is involved in type 2 immunity and mucin production in the lung epithelial cells [ 131 , 132 ]. Despite some decades of attempts, there is no approved vaccine for preventing RSV infection until yet [ 133 ]. Ribavirin is an expensive anti-viral drug approved for the treatment of RSV infections.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-viral Response and Immune Regulation

Sadeghsoltani

Mohammadzadeh

Safari

et al. 2021

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-COV2 are among the most dangerous respiratory viruses. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients and is very important in the immune system. The aim of this narrative review is to review the most interesting findings about the importance of zinc in the anti-viral immune response in the respiratory tract and defense against influenza, RSV, and SARS-COV2 infections. The most interesting findings on the role of zinc in regulating immunity in the respiratory tract and the relationship between zinc and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are reviewed, as well. Besides, current findings regarding the relationship between zinc and the effectiveness of respiratory viruses’ vaccines are reviewed. The results of reviewed studies have shown that zinc and some zinc-dependent proteins are involved in anti-viral defense and immune regulation in the respiratory tract. It seems that zinc can reduce the viral titer following influenza infection. Zinc may reduce RSV burden in the lungs. Zinc can be effective in reducing the duration of viral pneumonia symptoms. Zinc may enhance the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in reducing mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Besides, zinc has a positive effect in preventing ARDS and ventilator-induced lung damage. The relationship between zinc levels and the effectiveness of respiratory viruses’ vaccines, especially influenza vaccines, is still unclear, and the findings are somewhat contradictory. In conclusion, zinc has anti-viral properties and is important in defending against respiratory viral infections and regulating the immune response in the respiratory tract.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-viral Response and Immune Regulation

Sadeghsoltani

Mohammadzadeh

Safari

et al. 2021

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…Moreover, the generation of antibody responses might be affected by circulating maternal antibodies ( 96 , 97 ). Neutralizing antibodies might have an important role in the prevention of RSV infection and are an important vaccination goal ( 12 , 98 ). RSV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the high health burden due to hRSV, no licensed vaccines are available to reduce or prevent the disease caused by this virus in infants (12). An early trial using a formalininactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) led to vaccine enhanced disease (VED) upon natural RSV infection in vaccinated volunteers, instead of generating protective immunity against the virus (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

et al. 2021

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The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) constitutes a major health burden, causing millions of hospitalizations in children under five years old worldwide due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV are not available. Development of vaccines against hRSV targeting young infants requires ruling out potential vaccine-enhanced disease presentations. To achieve this goal, vaccine testing in proper animal models is essential. A recombinant BCG vaccine that expresses the Nucleoprotein of hRSV (rBCG-N-hRSV) protects mice against hRSV infection, eliciting humoral and cellular immune protection. Further, this vaccine was shown to be safe and immunogenic in human adult volunteers. Here, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine in a neonatal bovine RSV calf infection model. Newborn, colostrum-replete Holstein calves were either vaccinated with rBCG-N-hRSV, WT-BCG, or left unvaccinated, and then inoculated via aerosol challenge with bRSV strain 375. Vaccination with rBCG-N-hRSV was safe and well-tolerated, with no systemic adverse effects. There was no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease following bRSV challenge of rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated animals, suggesting that the vaccine is safe for use in neonates. Vaccination increased virus-specific IgA and virus-neutralization activity in nasal fluid and increased the proliferation of virus- and BCG-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs and lymph nodes at 7dpi. Furthermore, rBCG-N-hRSV vaccinated calves developed reduced clinical disease as compared to unvaccinated control calves, although neither pathology nor viral burden were significantly reduced in the lungs. These results suggest that the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine is safe in neonatal calves and induces protective humoral and cellular immunity against this respiratory virus. These data from a newborn animal model provide further support to the notion that this vaccine approach could be considered as a candidate for infant immunization against RSV.

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“…For this reason, these candidates can be considered safe for naive-RSV infants [ 20 , 92 ]. Furthermore, RSV-LAVs have other benefits: the ability to replicate in the respiratory tract despite the presence of maternal antibodies, the capacity to promote both a humoral and cellular immune response and the possibility to be administered as nasal drops, which are less invasive and better tolerated in children [ 93 , 94 ] ( Table 5 ). Most vaccines are in Phase I and no candidates of this type have progressed beyond Phase II clinical trials.…”

Section: Live-attenuated and Chimeric Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

Biagi¹,

Dondi²,

Scarpini³

et al. 2020

Vaccines

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and it also induces significant disease in the elderly. The clinical course may be severe, especially in high-risk populations (infants and elderly), with a large number of deaths in developing countries and of intensive care hospitalizations worldwide. To date, prevention strategies against RSV infection is based on hygienic measures and passive immunization with humanized monoclonal antibodies, limited to selected high-risk children due to their high costs. The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a global health need and an important objective of research in this field. A growing number of RSV vaccine candidates in different formats (particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, subunit vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines) are being developed and are now at different stages, many of them already being in the clinical stage. While waiting for commercially available safe and effective vaccines, immune prophylaxis in selected groups of high-risk populations is still mandatory. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the RSV vaccine research and its implications for clinical practice, focusing on the characteristics of the vaccines that reached the clinical stage of development.

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Current Insights in the Development of Efficacious Vaccines Against RSV

Cited by 27 publications

References 63 publications

Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-viral Response and Immune Regulation

Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-viral Response and Immune Regulation

A Recombinant BCG Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Neonatal Calves and Reduces the Clinical Disease Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

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