Current immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: the similarities and differences

Zhang, Lu; Tian, Jingyuan; Li, Bin

doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2019.06

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…[ 35 ] However, several Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved drugs have not frequently been used because of their unreliable effects, and some patients still have exacerbations and develop the progressive disease, despite the use of the drugs. [ 36 ] Therefore, more efficacious therapies that alter the disease course are required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shikonin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activity

Sabet

Biglari

Khorshid³

et al. 2020

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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Objectives Multiple sclerosis is a common autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. There are several underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of the disease, including inflammation, oligodendrocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. Methods The mechanism of action of shikonin was investigated in the C57BL/6 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Key findings The results revealed that EAE induction significantly increased the extent of demyelination in the corpus callosum tissues of the animals, while treatment of the mice with shikonin significantly decreased the extent of demyelination. Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of the brain samples from the EAE mice revealed significant enhancement in the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-c (IFN-c) and Bax genes as well as a reduction in the expression levels of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-b) and Bcl2. But, shikonin treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of TNF-a, IFN-c and Bax. On the other hand, the expression levels of TGF-b and Bcl2 as well as the activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) enzyme were significantly increased following the shikonin treatment. Conclusions This study emphasized the immune-modulatory and antioxidative effects of shikonin, which may have an important healing effect on the severity of EAE.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shikonin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activity

Sabet

Biglari

Khorshid³

et al. 2020

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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“…Only one agent (ocrelizumab) is also indicated for PPMS (Table 2). 5,37,38 In 1993, interferon (INF) β-1b subcutaneous (SC) was the first DMD approved in the US for relapsing types of MS; the most recent addition, ponesimod, was approved for the same indications in 2021 (Figure 3). 39 Copyright: ©2021 Redfern Citation: Redfern JS.…”

Section: Pharmacotherapy Of Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathophysiologic basis of multiple sclerosis and implications for therapy-a narrative review

Redfern¹

2021

PPIJ

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“…A phase IV trial of Mycophenolate Mofetil treatment in Southern China patients revealed that low dose of MMF resulted in a reduction in clinical relapse and disability ( 143 ) (NCT02809079). Although it is currently not FDA approved for NMO, it is commonly used off-label for it, to the extent that it is considered as a first-line of immunotherapies ( 144 ).…”

Section: Neuromyelitis Optica (Nmo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents in Clinical Trials for CNS Disease and Injury: Where Do We Go From Here?

et al. 2020

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Neurological disorders are major contributors to death and disability worldwide. The pathology of injuries and disease processes includes a cascade of events that often involve molecular and cellular components of the immune system and their interaction with cells and structures within the central nervous system. Because of this, there has been great interest in developing neuroprotective therapeutic approaches that target neuroinflammatory pathways. Several neuroprotective anti-inflammatory agents have been investigated in clinical trials for a variety of neurological diseases and injuries, but to date the results from the great majority of these trials has been disappointing. There nevertheless remains great interest in the development of neuroprotective strategies in this arena. With this in mind, the complement system is being increasingly discussed as an attractive therapeutic target for treating brain injury and neurodegenerative conditions, due to emerging data supporting a pivotal role for complement in promoting multiple downstream activities that promote neuroinflammation and degeneration. As we move forward in testing additional neuroprotective and immune-modulating agents, we believe it will be useful to review past trials and discuss potential factors that may have contributed to failure, which will assist with future agent selection and trial design, including for complement inhibitors. In this context, we also discuss inhibition of the complement system as a potential neuroprotective strategy for neuropathologies of the central nervous system.

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Current immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: the similarities and differences

Cited by 7 publications

References 167 publications

Shikonin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activity

Shikonin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic and antioxidative activity

Immunopathophysiologic basis of multiple sclerosis and implications for therapy-a narrative review

Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents in Clinical Trials for CNS Disease and Injury: Where Do We Go From Here?

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