Current epidemiology of human plague in Madagascar

Chanteau, Suzanne; Ratsitorahina, M.; Rahalison, Lila; Rasoamanana, B.; Chan, Fabien; Boisier, P.; Rabeson, D.; Roux, J

doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00289-6

Cited by 62 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The Ambositra region was Madagascar's most active plague focus in the 1980's and 1990's [10] and new genetic variants of the plague bacillus appeared there [33]). …”

Section: Relic Forests Of the Highlands: New Reservoirs New Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

et al. 2005

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-Re-emergence of human cases of plague after decades of silence does not necessarily mean that plague foci are re-emerging. Most often, Yersinia pestis bacteria have been maintained and circulating at low levels in the rodent populations. It seems therefore more appropriate to speak in terms of expansion or regression phases for sylvatic rodent plague foci and to reserve the term reemergence for human cases. From the analysis of well-documented human plague cases in Madagascar, we underline the causes of re-emergence that can be generalized to most world foci, and can help define environments at risk where the threat of new emergence lurks. In all recent plague outbreaks, usually more than one risk factor was at the origin of the re-emergence. The reduction or discontinuance of surveillance and control, as well as poverty and insalubrity are the main factors in the re-emergence of human cases, allowing increased contacts with infected rodents and fleas. Environment changes (i.e. climatic changes, deforestation, urbanization) induce changes in flea and rodent populations by (i) extension of rodent habitats (for example by replacing forests by steppes or farmlands); (ii) modifications in population dynamics (possible outbreaks due to an increase of available food resources); but also, (iii) emergence of new vectors, reservoirs and new Y. pestis genotypes. Numerous and spontaneous genomic rearrangements occur at high frequencies in Y. pestis, which may confer selective advantages, enhancing the ability of Y. pestis to survive, to be transmitted to new hosts, and to colonize new environments. Therefore, any environmental change should be taken as a warning signal and active surveillance programs should be initiated.

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“…The Ambositra region was Madagascar's most active plague focus in the 1980's and 1990's [10] and new genetic variants of the plague bacillus appeared there [33]). …”

Section: Relic Forests Of the Highlands: New Reservoirs New Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

et al. 2005

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“…Expansion events occur in response to conditions that facilitate the dispersal of the infectious agent (32) or to the population dynamics of animal reservoirs (72), the flea vector (5), and human hosts (8,52). Recent epidemiologic surveys have indicated that plague is widespread throughout the wild rodent populations in the southwestern United States, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, central and southern Africa, as well as South America, where human populations are highly susceptible (12,16,19). Public health officials must also contend with the emergence of multi-antibioticresistant Y. pestis strains (26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Immunization with Recombinant V10 Protects Cynomolgus Macaques from Lethal Pneumonic Plague

et al. 2008

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Vaccine and therapeutic strategies that prevent infections with Yersinia pestis have been sought for over a century. Immunization with live attenuated (nonpigmented) strains and immunization with subunit vaccines containing recombinant low-calcium-response V antigen (rLcrV) and recombinant F1 (rF1) antigens are considered effective in animal models. Current antiplague subunit vaccines in development for utilization in humans contain both antigens, either as equal concentrations of the two components (rF1 plus rLcrV) or as a fusion protein (rF1-rLcrV). Here, we show that immunization with either purified rLcrV (a protein at the tip of type III needles) or a variant of this protein, recombinant V10 (rV10) (lacking amino acid residues 271 to 300), alone or in combination with rF1, prevented pneumonic lesions and disease pathogenesis. In addition, passive immunization studies showed that specific antibodies of macaques immunized with rLcrV, rV10, or rF1, either alone or in combination, conferred protection against bubonic plague challenge in mice. Finally, we found that when we compared the reactivities of anti-rLcrV and anti-rV10 immune sera from cynomolgus macaques, BALB/c mice, and brown Norway rats with LcrV-derived peptides, rV10, but not rLcrV immune sera, lacked antibodies recognizing linear LcrV oligopeptides.

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“…Następnie bakteria namnaża się we wszystkich narządach wewnętrz-nych, powodując objawy kliniczne w postaci bólów głowy, dreszczy, gorączki, złego samopoczucia, ostatecznie doprowadzając do posocznicy i śmierci (93). Śmiertelność w krajach rozwijających może sięgać 20%, gdzie dostęp do opieki medycznej jest ograniczony (15). Najwięcej zachorowań notuje się w Afryce, w południowo-wschodniej Azji i południo-wej Ameryce (71).…”

Section: Artykuł Przeglądowy Reviewunclassified

Free-living animals as a source of zoonotic microorganisms

Żmudzki¹

2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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SummaryFree-living animals mainly representing Chioptera (particularly bats), Rodentia, Aves and Carnivora are a source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for significant worldwide human morbidity and mortality. The role of bats and rodents as the primary hosts of zoonotic microorganisms has been extensively characterized. The next important group represented by Paramyxoviridae, followed by Filoviridae (Marburg and Ebola viruses), as well as SARS coronavirus have been also reviewed. Avian influenza viruses are precursors of human influenza A viruses. They might be transmitted directly from free-ranging birds and poultry to humans. The importance of vectors in pathogen transmission from free-living animals to humans has been presented.

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Current epidemiology of human plague in Madagascar

Cited by 62 publications

References 8 publications

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence

Immunization with Recombinant V10 Protects Cynomolgus Macaques from Lethal Pneumonic Plague

Free-living animals as a source of zoonotic microorganisms

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