Current Developments in Diagnostic Assays for Laboratory Confirmation and Investigation of Botulism

Centurioni, Dominick A.; Egan, Christina; Perry, Michael J.

doi:10.1128/jcm.00139-20

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Another drawback of the MBA is the impossibility of discriminating between mosaic types and the partial cross-reactivity of type C or D antitoxin when diagnosing mosaic botulism. A variety of techniques to detect BoNTs have been developed, including ELISAs, enzymatic methods based upon BoNT cleavage of synthetic peptides followed by different detection of the specific product, or cell-based assay [103][104][105][106][107][108]. These techniques, although promising, have, however, not been validated for the diagnosis of equine botulism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

et al. 2022

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The clostridial diseases of horses can be divided into three major groups: enteric/enterotoxic, histotoxic, and neurotoxic. The main enteric/enterotoxic diseases include those produced by Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridioides difficile, both of which are characterized by enterocolitis. The main histotoxic diseases are gas gangrene, Tyzzer disease, and infectious necrotic hepatitis. Gas gangrene is produced by one or more of the following microorganisms: C. perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, Paeniclostridium sordellii, and Clostridium novyi type A, and it is characterized by necrotizing cellulitis and/or myositis. Tyzzer disease is produced by Clostridium piliforme and is mainly characterized by multifocal necrotizing hepatitis. Infectious necrotic hepatitis is produced by Clostridium novyi type B and is characterized by focal necrotizing hepatitis. The main neurotoxic clostridial diseases are tetanus and botulism, which are produced by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, respectively. Tetanus is characterized by spastic paralysis and botulism by flaccid paralysis. Neither disease present with specific gross or microscopic lesions. The pathogenesis of clostridial diseases involves the production of toxins. Confirming a diagnosis of some of the clostridial diseases of horses is sometimes difficult, mainly because some agents can be present in tissues of normal animals. This paper reviews the main clostridial diseases of horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…From 2010 to 2022, samples from 268 patients with suspected botulism or related neurological disorders (range 11–41 cases/year; mean 19.5) were studied at the National Centre of Microbiology of the Institute of Health Carlos III (Madrid, Spain). Seventy patients had laboratory-confirmed botulism (patients with at least one positive diagnostic test, range 1–13 cases/year; mean 4.4 per year), 34 food-borne and 36 infant botulism, as revealed by positive standard mouse bioassay (SMB, authorized by the corresponding institutional animal care) involving serum, stools, or gastric fluid, and/or by multiplex PCR of bont genes in stool cultures ( 14 – 17 ). Forty-eight patients were SMB-positive, while PCR confirmed botulism in 22 patients (31.43%) with SMB-negative results (19 food-borne and 3 infant cases).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the genetic background of the botulism neurotoxin BoNT/B2 in Spain

Valdezate,

Carrasco,

Medina

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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To determine whether the neurotoxin BoNT/B2 causing botulism in Spain is clonal, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Clostridium botulinum from food-borne episodes and infant cases of the condition were explored. The botulinum toxin gene ( bont ) subtype, the variable region of the flagellin gene ( fla VR), and a seven-gene multi-locus sequence type were examined by sequencing 37 BoNT-positive cultures obtained over the period 2010 to 2022. Out of 37 botulism events, 16 food-borne episodes and 16 infant cases were associated with bont/b 2. Eight bont/b 2 alleles were detected [nucleotide distance range 0.0259–0.415%, Hunter and Gaston discrimination index (HGDI) 0.71]. The most common bont/b 2 allele corresponded to that of strain Prevot 25 NCASE and its single and double locus variations (87.5%). Four known fla VR types were identified (HGDI 0.79), along with one previously unknown ( fla VR-15). Sixteen sequence types (STs) (HGDI 0.89) were recorded including seven new STs (ST164–ST170; 10 new alleles) and five new STs (ST171–ST175; with new allele combinations) were also noted. Correlations among some STs and fla VR types were seen. Overall, the present results show that the combined analysis of bont/b 2- fla VR-ST at the nucleotide level could be used to track botulism events in Spain. The neurotoxin BoNT/B2 has largely been responsible for human botulism in Spain. The polymorphism analysis of bont/b2 , fla VR typing, and sequence type determinations, revealed a wide variety of clones to be responsible for human botulism, ruling out a common source of acquisition. IMPORTANCE Botulism, a potentially fatal disease, is classically characterized by a symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which if left untreated can lead to respiratory failure and death. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by certain species of Clostridium, is the most potent biological toxin known, and the direct cause of botulism. This study characterizes the acquisition in Spain of two forms of botulism, i.e., food-borne and infant botulism, which are largely caused by the main neurotoxin BoNT/B2. Polymorphism analysis of the bont/b2 gene, typing of the flagellin variable region sequence (flaVR), and multilocus sequence typing, were used to explore the genetic background of Clostridium botulinum group I. To our knowledge, this is the first phylogenetic and typing study of botulism undertaken in Spain.

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“…The gold standard for the diagnosis of botulism is the mouse bioassay ( 21 ). Alternative methods such as Endopep-MS ( 22 ) have been developed, but are not currently used in France for the diagnosis of human botulism.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human and animal botulism surveillance in France from 2008 to 2019

Bouquin

Lucas

Souillard

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Botulism is a human and animal neurological disease caused by the action of bacterial neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) produced by bacteria from the genus Clostridium. This disease induces flaccid paralysis that can result in respiratory paralysis and heart failure. Due to its serious potential impact on public health, botulism is a closely monitored notifiable disease in France through a case-based passive surveillance system. In humans, this disease is rare, with an average of 10 outbreaks reported each year, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated foods. Type B and to a lesser extend type A are responsible for the majority of cases of foodborne botulism. Each year, an average of 30 outbreaks are recorded on poultry farms, about 20 cases in wild birds and about 10 outbreaks in cattle, involving a large number of animals. Mosaic forms C/D and D/C in birds and cattle, respectively, are the predominant types in animals in France. Types C and D have also been observed to a lesser extent in animals. With the exception of botulinum toxin E, which was exceptionally detected throughout the period in wild birds, the types of botulism found in animal outbreaks are different from those identified in human outbreaks over the last ten years in France and no human botulism outbreaks investigated have been linked to animal botulism. In line with the One Health concept, we present the first integrative approach to the routine surveillance of botulism in humans and animals in France.

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Current Developments in Diagnostic Assays for Laboratory Confirmation and Investigation of Botulism

Cited by 9 publications

References 77 publications

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review

Exploring the genetic background of the botulism neurotoxin BoNT/B2 in Spain

Human and animal botulism surveillance in France from 2008 to 2019

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