Current Development toward Commercialization of Metal‐Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics

Abstract

Solar cells based on organometal halide perovskites attract increasing research interest as an excellent source of renewable energy due to their inexpensive process, high power conversion efficiency, and availability of abundant raw material. The basic description, current research targets and status, and future perceptions of perovskite‐based photovoltaics along with the strategies toward the enhancement of both (intrinsic and extrinsic) stabilities of high‐efficiency devices are summarized and analyzed. This review provides the required knowledge for this design by studying various commercialized thin‐film technologies, analyzing large‐scale fabrication methods like physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, inkjet printing, doctor blading, spray coating, and roll‐to‐roll techniques. Addressing the present threat and opportunities for integrating the new material exploration, devices and large‐scale fabrication is conductive to the successful commercialization of the perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). This article presents the overview of the reports of the latest technological enhancement of cell stability, interfacial modification, replacement of electron and hole transport layers, techniques used for minimizing the lead‐based perovskites toxicity, and large‐scale fabrication. Finally, this provides an emphasis on organometal halide perovskite‐based solid‐state solar cell contacts that are believed to be the key factor for achieving highly stable PVSCs.

Slow Passivation and Inverted Hysteresis for Hybrid Tin Perovskite Solar Cells Attaining 13.5% via Sequential Deposition

“…Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention in recent years as a result of their great performance, comparable to that of Si-based solar cells, − but traditional PSCs contain toxic lead that restricts their industrial development . For this reason, tin-based PSCs appear to be prospective candidates for the development of lead-free PSCs. , The preferential device architecture of a Sn-based PSC has a p-i-n inverted configuration as a result of its favorable charge transport against tin oxidation .…”

Encapsulation and Stability Testing of Perovskite Solar Cells for Real Life Applications

“…In the next section, we will briefly summarize relevant stability tests and discuss in detail those tests which have been less common due to harsh testing conditions (outdoor tests, damp heat tests). Since device degradation, including the degradation of encapsulated devices, has been discussed in numerous reviews on device stability , as well as in some reviews on encapsulation, we will not cover those issues in this Perspective. We will also not discuss basic materials characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, thermogravimmetric analysis, etc., which can be used to evaluate changes in encapsulation and/or devices with aging …”

“…Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly advanced to achieve high efficiency exceeding 25% . Despite high efficiency, significant challenges exist for the future commercialization of perovskite solar cells, namely, long-term stability, lead toxicity, scalability, and reproducibility .…”

“…Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly advanced to achieve high efficiency exceeding 25% . Despite high efficiency, significant challenges exist for the future commercialization of perovskite solar cells, namely, long-term stability, lead toxicity, scalability, and reproducibility . Stability in particular has attracted significant attention, since the perovskite films and devices are known to exhibit poor stability when exposed to elevated temperature, illumination, and ambient atmosphere (moisture, oxygen) …”

Furfurylammonium as a Spacer for Efficient 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[4][5][6] However, the stability issue of traditional organic-inorganic hybrid 3D perovskite materials remains a major obstacle hindering their commercialization. [7][8][9] Recently, 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskites are emerging due to their superior stability when compared with their 3D counterparts. [10,11] The improved stability is mainly ascribed to the remarkable intrinsic hydrophobicity that stemmed from the large organic spacers in the 2D perovskite lattice [12,13] and the well-suppressed ion migration in 2D perovskites.…”