Abstract:The use of the transdermal delivery system has recently gained ample recognition due to the ability to deliver drug molecules across the skin membrane, serving as an alternative to conventional oral or injectable routes. Subcutaneous insulin injection is the mainstay treatment for diabetes mellitus which often leads to non-compliance among patients, especially in younger patients. Apart from its invasiveness, the long-term consequences of insulin injection cause the development of physical trauma, which includ… Show more
“…[9][10][11][12] To address this limitation, traditional chemical enhancers such as ethanol, sulfoxide, azone, and terpenoids have been explored; however, safety concerns as well as toxicity and skin irritation issues persist, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions in transdermal drug delivery. [13][14][15][16] Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted attention owing to their tunable physico-chemical characteristics and environment-friendly nature.…”
The exponential growth in developing biocompatible patch-type drug delivery against the traditional intravenous or subcutaneous injections is because of its ability to overcome the needle phobia and need of highly...
“…[9][10][11][12] To address this limitation, traditional chemical enhancers such as ethanol, sulfoxide, azone, and terpenoids have been explored; however, safety concerns as well as toxicity and skin irritation issues persist, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions in transdermal drug delivery. [13][14][15][16] Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted attention owing to their tunable physico-chemical characteristics and environment-friendly nature.…”
The exponential growth in developing biocompatible patch-type drug delivery against the traditional intravenous or subcutaneous injections is because of its ability to overcome the needle phobia and need of highly...
“…[ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] Chemical methods usually use some penetration enhancers, such as lipids, alcohols, organic salts, etc., but they have irritating effects on the skin, and their use alone is not ideal. [ 34 ] Among the various strategies to enhance the transdermal transmission of drugs, hydrogels have been described as a desirable drug delivery system when compared to other topically applied forms. [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] In particular, some chemically cross‐linked polymer hydrogels, such as hyaluronic acid, cellulose, chitosan, and so on, have been widely used as transdermal delivery systems.…”
Sodium aescinate (SA) shows great potential for treating lymphedema since it can regulate the expression of cytokines in M1 macrophages, however, it is commonly administered intravenously in clinical practice and often accompanied by severe toxic side effects and short metabolic cycles. Herein, SA‐loaded chiral supramolecular hydrogels are prepared to prove the curative effects of SA on lymphedema and enhance its safety and transdermal transmission efficiency. In vitro studies demonstrate that SA‐ loaded chiral supramolecular hydrogels can modulate local immune responses by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. Typically, these chiral hydrogels can significantly increase the permeability of SA with good biocompatibility due to the high enantioselectivity between chiral gelators and stratum corneum and L‐type hydrogels are found to have preferable drug penetration over D‐type hydrogels. In vivo studies show that topical delivery of SA via chiral hydrogels results in dramatic therapeutic effects on lymphedema. Specifically, it can downregulate the level of inflammatory cytokines, reduce the development of fibrosis, and promote the regeneration of lymphatic vessels. This study initiates the use of SA for lymphedema treatment and for the creation of an effective chiral biological platform for improved topical administration.
“…Some are often used as medicinal agents or ingredients in cosmetic products. Monoterpenes frequently used as SC penetration agents are anethol, borneol, and campho (used in commercial TP for pain release); carvacol, carvone, and 1.8-1.4 cineol (used for TDDS in psychiatry); cymene, eugenol, fenchone, geraniol, limonene, linalool, and menthol (used as an enhancer and also for pain release); menthone, a-pinen oxide, pulegone, rose oxide, safranal, terpinene-4-ol, a-terpineol, tetra-hydrogeneraniol, and tymol (oral patches); and verbenone (perfumery and cosmetic use) [215,[224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241][242]. -Sesquiterpenes are the class of SM consisting of three isoprene units (C15) and are found in linear, cyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic forms.…”
Transdermal delivery devices and wound dressing materials are constantly improved and upgraded with the aim of enhancing their beneficial effects, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and cost effectiveness. Therefore, researchers in the field have shown an increasing interest in using natural compounds as constituents for such systems. Plants, as an important source of so-called “natural products” with an enormous variety and structural diversity that still exceeds the capacity of present-day sciences to define or even discover them, have been part of medicine since ancient times. However, their benefits are just at the beginning of being fully exploited in modern dermal and transdermal delivery systems. Thus, plant-based primary compounds, with or without biological activity, contained in gums and mucilages, traditionally used as gelling and texturing agents in the food industry, are now being explored as valuable and cost-effective natural components in the biomedical field. Their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity compensate for local availability and compositional variations. Also, secondary metabolites, classified based on their chemical structure, are being intensively investigated for their wide pharmacological and toxicological effects. Their impact on medicine is highlighted in detail through the most recent reported studies. Innovative isolation and purification techniques, new drug delivery devices and systems, and advanced evaluation procedures are presented.
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