“…Advances in understanding the retina’s neuroimmune interactions and oxidative stress tolerance provide alternative avenues for maintaining retinal health ( Wang et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2021 ), especially in the context of microglial maintenance and antioxidant cocktails ( Yu et al, 2004 ; Shen et al, 2005 ; Komeima et al, 2006 ; Komeima et al, 2007 ; Punzo et al, 2012 ; O’Koren et al, 2019 ). Given that the vast number of disease-causing mutations are in genes selectively or primarily expressed by photoreceptors ( Rosenfeld et al, 1992 ; McLaughlin et al, 1993 ), photoreceptor transplantation has garnered enthusiasm as a therapeutic solution ( Comyn et al, 2010 ; Garita-Hernandez et al, 2021 ; Chiang and Chern, 2022 ), especially in combination with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ( Zhong et al, 2014 ; Takagi et al, 2019 ; Watari et al, 2023 ), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) ( Da Cruz et al, 2018 ), mesenchymal stem cells ( Bartsch et al, 2008 ; Gasparini et al, 2019 ; Mahato et al, 2020 ; Sharma and Jaganathan, 2021 ; Zerti et al, 2021 ) (MSCs), chemically-induced photoreceptor-like cells (CiPCs) ( Mahato et al, 2020 ) or neural stem cells ( Liu et al, 2003 ; Coles et al, 2004 ; Frøen et al, 2013 ). Transplanting retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells also warrants consideration, given the critical role of the RPE in providing the photoreceptors with the necessary support for maintaining the visual cycle and recycling metabolites.…”