Current concepts review. Musculoskeletal considerations in pregnancy.

Pelvic Musculoskeletal Disorders Related to Pregnancy

“…Radiographs show marked unilateral or bilateral lucency of the femoral head and neck with preservation of the joint space [2][3].…”

“…Continued unprotected weight-bearing in patients with TOH can result in a fracture of the femoral head; therefore, early diagnosis is important to prevent possible complications [2]. MRI is highly sensitive for the diagnosis of occult hip fracture and allows reliable distinction between osteonecrosis and transient osteoporosis.…”

“…The symptoms usually begin in the third trimester, with deep, increasing pain of variable severity of the groin exaggerated by standing and walking and radiating to the knee, the thigh, or the back [2,3]. Radiographs are usually normal in the early stages.…”

“…Radiographs are usually normal in the early stages. In the later stages of the disease, they reveal sclerosis, mottled subchondral radiolucency (the crescent sign), and eventually collapse of the femoral head (Figure 3) [2].…”

“…US is useful in the assessment of joint diastasis and can be safely repeated for follow-up; whereas MRI is useful to assess the lumbar spine [2][3].…”