Current challenges and future opportunities toward recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Private and External Costs and Benefits of Replacing High-Emitting Peaker Plants with Batteries

“…Figure b presents the life-cycle GWP of BESS in the previously described scenario. We conservatively assumed no recycling of Li-ion cells given the current challenges with Li-ion recycling supply chains. , For perspective, a prior study estimated that recycling could save approximately one quarter of the Li-ion batteries’ GHG footprint, although results vary by the cathode material and recycling process . Future uncertainty in cell manufacturing and other energy storage components were captured in a Monte Carlo analysis.…”

Emerging green technologies for recovery and reuse of spent lithium-ion batteries – a review

“…The CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 system is usually used to oxidize the low valence metal and ensure that the high valence metal can be separated as an alloy at the bottom of the furnace. 93 In this process, Al turns into Al 2 O 3 through a thermite reaction process and releases a large amount of energy, and Al 2 O 3 is incorporated into the slag phase. 91,93,94 High-value metals such as Ni and Co are formed as molten metals or alloys.…”

“…93 In this process, Al turns into Al 2 O 3 through a thermite reaction process and releases a large amount of energy, and Al 2 O 3 is incorporated into the slag phase. 91,93,94 High-value metals such as Ni and Co are formed as molten metals or alloys. In the third step, aer high temperature treatment, the molten alloy phase formed by reducing Co, Ni and other metals is separated at the bottom of the furnace, and further separation of the alloy can be performed by hydrometallurgy (Fig.…”

Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Battery recycling technologies vary, with pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy being the dominant technologies. − Pyro- and hydrometallurgical routes with smelting followed by recovery of metals from the resulting alloys are considered proven technologies with high metal recovery. , However, Li recovery is difficult, and the process is unavoidably energy- and emission-intensive . In comparison, mechanical and hydrometallurgical technologies result in high metal recovery, lower energy use, and capital expenditures but use significant quantities of water. , These issues and the diversity of cathode materials in LIBs continue to challenge the development of practical approaches to achieve selective extraction of target metals from hybrid battery materials in the recycling industry. − …”

“…23 mechanical and hydrometallurgical technologies result in high metal recovery, lower energy use, and capital expenditures but use significant quantities of water. 24,25 These issues and the diversity of cathode materials in LIBs continue to challenge the development of practical approaches to achieve selective extraction of target metals from hybrid battery materials in the recycling industry. 26−29 The term solvometallurgy was coined to extend hydrometallurgy to the use of solvents other than water.…”