Current Challenges and Applications of Oncolytic Viruses in Overcoming the Development of Resistance to Therapies in Cancer

Swanner, Jessica; Meisen, Walter H.; McCormack, Ryan; Lewis, Cole T.; Hong, Bangxing; Kaur, Balveen

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21477-7_3

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

References 189 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Some of these points could potentially be improved by engineered circuits that could, for example, enable an oncolytic virus to activate expression of a new capsid protein following replication, allowing it to escape from immune recognition and continue to infect nearby tumor cells. Swanner et al (2019) also suggest that stem cells could be used as "trojan horses", to traffick the oncolytic virus to the site of tumor growth. This is because many unmodified stem cells have the ability to migrate to sites of injury or inflammation and have been shown to selectively move to tumors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A simple genetic switch could be engineered into viruses to allow them to detect specific cytokines and induce or repress expression of an appropriate immune modulatory protein or peptide. Local expression of cytokines by these viruses can help increase the functionality of the immune system, while reducing the risk of systemic toxicity and increasing overall normal cell survival rates (Swanner et al, 2019). This process also comes with the risk of an aggravated immune reaction, a cytokine storm, occurring because of the mass influx of cytokines being released by both the adenovirus and immune cells (Chhabra & Kennedy, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Making this treatment sufficient to kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells and disrupting body homeostasis is now a major area of focus. The blockade of inhibitory signals present on tumor cells or T cells can enhance antitumor immune responses, and genes for this can be encoded into the viruses (Swanner et al, 2019). Oncolytic viruses can also disrupt components of the DNA damage response system to help increase the rates of viral replication, cell killing, and recruitment of the immune system (Swanner et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The blockade of inhibitory signals present on tumor cells or T cells can enhance antitumor immune responses, and genes for this can be encoded into the viruses (Swanner et al, 2019). Oncolytic viruses can also disrupt components of the DNA damage response system to help increase the rates of viral replication, cell killing, and recruitment of the immune system (Swanner et al, 2019). The idea of using other effective viruses that induce stronger killing and immunity response against cancer cells, such as with the Herpes Simplex virus (HSV), has also been suggested in the use of oncolytic virotherapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Smart Oncolytic Adenovirotherapy to Induce Killing of Cancer Cells and Elicit Antitumor Immunity

Enekegho¹,

Stuart²

2022

Eureka

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, accounting for over 30% of all deaths in Canada. Various chemotherapy and therapeutic agents are currently in practice to help combat and treat cancerous growths and to lead to cancer remission. Virotherapy is an emerging treatment that uses biotechnology to convert viruses into therapeutic agents for the treatment of specific types of cancer. This process reprograms viruses to become oncolytic and target tumor cells in the body for lysis. It also uses these viruses to recruit inflammatory and vaccination responses by the immune system to help kill surrounding tumor cells while also establishing a long immune memory to help in the case of later infections. Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that infect the membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system of humans and causing fever as well as many cold symptoms. It is also a commonly used oncolytic virus and has been demonstrated in recent studies to be a great potential tool for eliciting appropriate inflammatory responses from the immune system to kill cancer cells and inducing cell-mediated immunity to prevent against later re-infection by the specific cancer type. Advances to this virotherapy has progressed towards overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression, which usually allows cancerous cells to evade the immune system and escape cell destruction, especially when combined with other therapy treatments. (Goradel et al., 2019). This review will focus on the mechanism as to how engineered modified viruses stimulate the immune system for cell killing and cell-mediated immunity. There will also be an examination of several research papers with some evidence to understand the synergy being oncolytic adenovirotherapy and the immune system function to kill cancer cells. Some disadvantages and issues with using this form of therapeutic treatment will also be presented, as well as some present and future research operating to fix these issues as well as increase the overall efficacy of this cancer treatment oncolytic adenovirotherapy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%