Current burden of end-stage kidney disease and its future trend in China

Abstract

A national report in 1999 revealed that the prevalence and incidence of dialysis in China were 33.2 per million population (pmp) and 15.3 pmp, respectively. The numbers were updated to 237.3 pmp and 15.4 pmp in 2012. In big cities like Beijing and Shanghai, the numbers are much higher, with prevalence and incidence of 524.6 pmp and 107.3 pmp in Beijing in 2011, and 544.7 pmp and 82.9 pmp in Shanghai in 2011, respectively. The majority of patients received hemodialysis, accounting for 89.5% in 1999 and 89.1% in 2012. The increased prevalence of dialysis is partly due to increased affordability of dialysis; while affordability and accessibility still limit renal replacement therapy in China. Regarding causes of end-stage kidney disease in China, about half of the patients are diagnosed glomerulonephritis. The surge of hypertension and diabetes during the 1990s will probably have profound effects on prevalence and etiology of kidney disease in China.

Spectrum of chronic kidney disease in China: A national study based on hospitalized patients from 2010 to 2015

“…The urban/rural residency was identified by the type of health insurance (basic medical insurance for urban residents and new rural co‐operative medical care for rural residents). The health insurance system in China has been described elsewhere . Continuous data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, or as median (inter‐quartile range) for highly skewed variables.…”

“…The health insurance system in China has been described elsewhere. 16 Continuous data were presented as mean AE standard deviation, or as median (inter-quartile range) for highly skewed variables. Categorical variables were presented as proportions with 95% confidence interval (CI).…”

Effect of Intradialytic Exercise on Physical Performance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Pilot and Feasibility Study

“…Neither group exhibited a significant intragroup change in the 6MWD over time (F [2,26] 18.134] = 0.67, p = 0.472) or control group (F[2, 96] = 0.597, p = 0.553). Again, there were no significant intergroup differences in this parameter (exercise vs. control: 4.21 ± 0.87 vs. 4.23 ± 0.77 mEq/L, p = 0.899 at baseline; 4.10 ± 0.65 vs. 4.17 ± 1.09 mEq/L, p = 0.688 at 1 year and 4.15 ± 0.63 vs. 4.39 ± 0.91 mEq/L, p = 0.349 at 2 years; Fig.…”

“…End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an increasingly burdensome disease worldwide, and approximately 63-89.1% of affected patients require hemodialysis (HD) [1,2]. Patients with ESRD suffer from many comorbidities, particularly deteriorating physical function which has significant negative effects on independence and mortality [3].…”

Reduced Kidney Function, Albuminuria, and Risks for All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in China: A Population-based Cohort Study

“…Positive urine proteinuria, which was determined by trace and higher levels in the dipstick test, was also found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes [4]. Nonetheless, the high incidence of renal replacement therapy in Taiwan, and different etiology of end-stage renal disease in Taiwan compared with mainland China, limit generalizability of the study [8, 9]. …”