Current approaches to measure nitric oxide in plants

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is now established as an important signalling molecule in plants where it influences growth, development, and responses to stress. Despite extensive research, the most appropriate methods to measure and localize these signalling radicals are debated and still need investigation. Many confounding factors such as the presence of other reactive intermediates, scavenging enzymes, and compartmentation influence how accurately each can be measured. Further, these signalling radicals have short half-lives ranging from seconds to minutes based on the cellular redox condition. Hence, it is necessary to use sensitive and specific methods in order to understand the contribution of each signalling molecule to various biological processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on NO measurement in plant samples, via various methods. We also discuss advantages, limitations, and wider applications of each method.

Regulation of the biosynthesis of endogenous nitric oxide and abscisic acid in stored peaches by exogenous nitric oxide and abscisic acid

“…Polyamines are low molecular weight aliphatic amines with biological activity that exist in all living cells. Plants also produce NO via polyamine‐mediated pathways . Spd and Spm are the most abundant polyamines in plants .…”

“…Plants also produce NO via polyamine-mediated pathways. 41 Spd and Spm are the most abundant polyamines in plants. 42 The increase in endogenous NO content in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is associated with the levels of Spd and Spm.…”

Recommendations on terminology and experimental best practice associated with plant nitric oxide research

“…Due to the rapid chemical reactions exhibited by the NO free radical with a wide range of biological targets, the detection and quantification of this molecule in plant samples is routinely difficult. Further, the current methods deployed differ in terms of both their selectivity and specificity (Vishwakarma et al ., ). Unfortunately, to date, there is no entirely satisfactory method for the quantification of NO.…”

Chemical Transformation of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Improves Its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Activities

“…To measure the production of nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells, we determined the NO concentration via the Griess reaction. 53 Raw 264.7 macrophage cells were first seeded at a density of 5 × 10 4 cell/well into 96-well cell-culture plates. After culturing the cells in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 for 24 h, 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to each well except for the control.…”