Current approach and novel perspectives in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the role of targeting proteasome dysregulation as a molecular landmark in nasopharyngeal cancer

Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents a molecularly paradigmatic tumor given the complex diversity of environmental as well as host dependent factors that are closely implicated in tissue transformation and carcinogenesis. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) plays a key role in tissue invasion, hyperplasia and malignant transformation. Therefore, EBV related oncoviral proteins such as Latent Membrane Protein family (LMP1, LMP2), Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) and EBV related glycoprotein B (gB) are responsible for inducing intracellular signalling aberrations leading to sustained proliferation and further acquisition of NPC related invasive nature and metastatic potential.Dysregulation of proteasome signaling seems to be centrally implicated in oncoviral protein stabilization as well as in modulating tumor microenvironment. Different studies in vitro and in vivo suggest a potential role of proteasome inhibitors in the therapeutic setting of NPC. Furthermore, alterations affecting proteasome signalling in NPC have been associated to tumor growth and invasion, distant metastasis, immune exclusion and resistance as well as to clinical poor prognosis. So on, recent studies have shown the efficacy of immunotherapy as a suitable therapeutic approach to NPC. Nevertheless, novel strategies seem to look for combinatorial regimens aiming to potentiate immune recognition as well as to restore both primary and acquired immune resistance.In this work, our goal is to thoroughly review the molecular implications of proteasome dysregulation in the molecular pathogenesis of NPC, together with their direct relationship with EBV related oncoviral proteins and their role in promoting immune evasion and resistance. We also aim to hypothesize about the feasibility of the use of proteasome inhibitors as part of immunotherapy-including combinatorial regimens for their potential role in reversing immune resistance and favouring tumor recognition and eventual tumor death.

Butein promotes ubiquitination-mediated survivin degradation inhibits tumor growth and overcomes chemoresistance

“…The incidence of NPC exhibits prominent ethnic, regional, and familial epidemiological characteristics. NPC causes a heavy public-health burden in Southeast Asia, Southern China, the Arctic, North Africa, and the Middle East, and approximately 47.7% of all new cases of NPC globally were diagnosed in Southern China 1 , 2 . To date, the precise mechanism of NPC tumorigenesis remains unclear.…”

The emergence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Predictive value and immunotherapy implications

“… 33 It's reported that LMP1 encoded by EBV can up-regulate a variety of cytokines and promote immune cells infiltrating into the tumor site. 23 , 34 Besides, LMP1 can induce the expression of CXCL-10 through NF-κ B signaling. On the other hand, endogenous LMP1 in NPC cells can up-regulate IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 β, thus attracting various types of immune cells infiltration.…”

Tracking the Molecular Fingerprint of Head and Neck Cancer for Recurrence Detection in Liquid Biopsies

“…Several studies have detected the presence of EBV in HNSCC in specific regions of the world (Southern China and Southeast Asia), implying its possible role in the development of malignancies throughout the upper aerodigestive tract, with most cases presenting at the nasopharynx [ 35 , 36 ]. The EBV-encoded oncoproteins EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2 control the carcinogenic properties of the virus, from oncogenesis to progression and invasion of human cancer cells via the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [ 37 , 38 ].…”