Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

Heelan, Joseph; Gratz, Eric; Zheng, Zhangfeng; Wang, Qiang; Chen, Mengyuan; Apelian, Diran; Wang, Yan

doi:10.1007/s11837-016-1994-y

Cited by 208 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The environmental performance of batteries can be enhanced by improving the manufacturing process, for example, by reducing or replacing some elements, like gallium used for the resistors [54], or improving recycling and recovery of materials [55].…”

Section: Lca Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Studies of Energy Storage with Fuel Cells and Batteries for Stationary and Mobile Applications

Belmonte

Luetto²,

Staulo³

et al. 2017

Challenges

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Abstract:In this paper, hydrogen coupled with fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries are considered as alternative energy storage methods. Their application on a stationary system (i.e., energy storage for a family house) and a mobile system (i.e., an unmanned aerial vehicle) will be investigated. The stationary systems, designed for off-grid applications, were sized for photovoltaic energy production in the area of Turin, Italy, to provide daily energy of 10.25 kWh. The mobile systems, to be used for high crane inspection, were sized to have a flying range of 120 min, one being equipped with a Li-ion battery and the other with a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell. The systems were compared from an economical point of view and a life cycle assessment was performed to identify the main contributors to the environmental impact. From a commercial point of view, the fuel cell and the electrolyzer, being niche products, result in being more expensive with respect to the Li-ion batteries. On the other hand, the life cycle assessment (LCA) results show the lower burdens of both technologies.

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Section: Lca Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Studies of Energy Storage with Fuel Cells and Batteries for Stationary and Mobile Applications

Belmonte

Luetto²,

Staulo³

et al. 2017

Challenges

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“…Due to their high discharge voltage, high energy density and the increasingly efficient cycle life, lithium-ion batteries are fast becoming the most important member of the rechargeable family (Heelan, et al 2016). Used for a wide variety of applications, from portable consumer electronics to electric vehicles, each application requires this robust secondary battery to be packed into numerous shapes and sizes.…”

Section: Lithium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Haccuria¹,

Hayes²,

Jak³

2018

Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management

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Currently in Australia, there remains no proven technology available for recycling of lithium ion batteries. The purpose of the research undertaken in this thesis is to provide an outline of the current lithium-ion battery-recycling problem whilst taking a closer look into alternative hydrometallurgical solutions. Lithium ion batteries have been used in portable handheld devices for several decades, but with companies like Tesla venturing into the electric vehicle (EV) and grid energy storage market, recycling is becoming more of a necessity in this technological evolution. As researched, the majority of consumer portable handheld devicesmobile phones -are comprised of the lithium cobalt oxide formulation (LiCoO2) with a combination of other metals introduced to enhance various aspects of performance.To date many companies across the world have attempted to develop their own-patented recycling techniques. Some are solely pyrometallurgical, whilst others, such as the Umicore process rely on a combination of techniques. The methodology used was designed in conjunction with the Toxco method whereby the battery would undertake a dismantling phase, before acid leaching and precipitation and finally into the creation of a new lithium-ion battery.Optimizing the leaching process was the main aim of this investigation in order to achieve a maximum leaching efficiency possible before precipitation. However, with laboratory issues and large time delays from ICP-OES testing, the results required were not met. The most efficient leaching reagent was that of sulphuric acid combined with sodium metabisulfite with an efficiency of roughly 6.5%. The remaining three solutions sulphuric acid, sulphuric acid with sodium persulfate and hydrochloric acid achieved efficiencies all under 2.5%.These irregularly low efficiencies meant that precipitation was not possible due to the lack of cobalt in the solution. As such, a new battery was created using the lithium cobalt oxide recovered from the original iPhone battery. Using two ratios 8:1:1 (LCO:Carbon:PVDF) and 9:1 (LCO:PVDF) the new batteries was assembled and tested. The results suggested that the addition of the carbon allowed a more stable electron flow from the cathode to the anode with a 74.55 % difference in charge transfer resistance to that of the non-super P cell. Mech4501 -Engineering Thesis Final Report iv Blake Dykes -This area is one of significant importance for future development and despite technical challenges there is a large scope within this field. Future recommendations would be avoid using ICP as an analysis method due to the month-long delays making development very difficult. Instead, it is recommended that the AAS system is used.Furthermore, the acid concentrations must be increased for the experiments to provide an indicative indication of acids ability to successfully leach cobalt from the exhausted batteries.It is interesting to note that sulphuric acid, being the cheapest, is sufficient in providing the best efficiency provided that a reducing age...

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“…Nowadays recycling processes focus on the recovery of the most valuable materials Ni and Co. [4][5][6] Next to the high commodity prices for these materials, Delucchi et al 7 expect future shortage due to the increasing production of lithium-ion batteries. The worldwide cobalt resources will be insufficient in less than 60 years for the production of 20 million EV battery systems per year.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A particular challenge for the hydrometallurgical processing of the regained coating powders are the variations in its chemistry or purity, but ongoing development is promising here. 6 Next to the chemical deviation, different cell formats (e.g. cylindrical or prismatic/ hard case or pouch) and cell housing materials influence the design of battery modules and systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles with Focus on Mechanical Processes

Diekmann

Hanisch²,

Froböse

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

235

148

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The increasing usage of electrical drive systems and stationary energy storage worldwide lead to a high demand of raw materials for the production of lithium-ion batteries. To prevent further shortage of these crucial materials, ecological and efficient recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries are needed. Nowadays industrial processes are mostly pyrometallurgical and as such energy and cost intensive. The LithoRec projects, funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), aimed at a realization of a new energy-efficient recycling process, abstaining high temperatures and tracing mechanical process-steps. The conducted mechanical processes were thoroughly investigated by experiments in a laboratory and within technical scale, describing gas release of aged and non-aged lithium-ion batteries during dry crushing, intermediates, and products of the mechanical separation. Conclusively, we found that applying a second crushing step increases the yield of the coating materials, but also enables more selective separation. This work identifies the need for recycling of lithium-ion batteries and its challenges and hazard potential in regards to the applied materials. The outlined results show a safe and ecological recycling process with a material recycling rate of at least 75%.

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Current and Prospective Li-Ion Battery Recycling and Recovery Processes

Cited by 208 publications

References 54 publications

Case Studies of Energy Storage with Fuel Cells and Batteries for Stationary and Mobile Applications

Case Studies of Energy Storage with Fuel Cells and Batteries for Stationary and Mobile Applications

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ecological Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles with Focus on Mechanical Processes

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