Current and Future Trends in Protective Treatments for Stone Heritage

Gherardi, Francesca

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82942-1_5

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The resistance factor and associated porosity of each sample is shown in Table 5. An increase in the diffusion resistance up to ~20% is considered acceptable according to Snethlage (2011) [17]. As seen from Table 5, A-C3 is the only sample that surpasses a 20% increase in resistance after treatment.…”

Section: Vapour Diffusion Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in pore structure properties may affect how moisture and salts move through the stone, the latter being important in the case of Arbroath given its coastal location. Previous research has found that in some instances, crystallised salts can accumulate and become trapped behind the hydrophobic surface layer, accelerating physical weathering through decay patterns, such as spalling [15][16][17]. Many studies that evaluate the potential use of hydrophobic treatments in protecting stone rely mostly on data obtained from lab-based accelerated weathering experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Long-Term Efficiency and Compatibility of Hydrophobic Treatments in Protecting Vulnerable Sandstone at Arbroath Abbey (Scotland)

et al. 2023

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The application of hydrophobic treatments as a means of protecting vulnerable stone heritage has been a topic of research for decades. The findings of previous research have shown that there are a number of factors that influence the efficiency of a treatment and that sometimes, if used incorrectly, such treatments can even accelerate stone weathering and decay. In this study, we revisit a hydrophobic treatment test area at Arbroath Abbey where the product was applied over 40 years ago, thus providing a rare opportunity to investigate the long-term efficiency of hydrophobic treatments. As well as assessing the condition of the treated area in situ by means of moisture analyses, lab-based accelerated salt weathering experiments are conducted to better understand the impact of silane-based treatments on sandstone durability. Moreover, the petrography and petrophysical properties of weathered sandstone (open porosity, capillary absorption, and vapour diffusion) before and after treatment are also characterised to provide a better understanding of how stone properties may influence the compatibility of the treatment. The field-based results show that the treated area has maintained a degree of hydrophobicity since its application over 40 years ago. Both field-based and lab-based analyses suggest that silane-based treatments can be used successfully in protecting sandstone when applied correctly, both in reducing the rate of decay and functioning over long periods of time. However, sandstone heterogeneity may mean that some individual stones are less compatible with the hydrophobic treatment tested than others. Further field-based analyses (including methods such as XRF and in situ vp) of the treated area is required in order to determine the state of conservation more accurately. These results highlight the complexity in selecting a suitable hydrophobic treatment, especially at built sites where the mineralogy and petrophysical properties of the stone may vary between blocks. However, such treatments may still be important to consider as many climates, including Scotland’s, are becoming progressively wetter, increasing the vulnerability of stone heritage to moisture ingress, accelerated decay, and eventual ruin.

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Section: Vapour Diffusion Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Long-Term Efficiency and Compatibility of Hydrophobic Treatments in Protecting Vulnerable Sandstone at Arbroath Abbey (Scotland)

et al. 2023

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“…In particular, promising results from laboratory tests were obtained on siloxane-based treatments applied on sandstones and marbles [79]. The study of these formulations after accelerated ageing tests, onsite application in historical buildings, and the monitoring of their performance over time will provide crucial data on their durability [80].…”

Section: Nanostructured Protective Treatments For Stonementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the application of nanomaterials for natural stone conservation

Gherardi

Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki

2022

RILEM Tech Lett

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The unpredictable effects of climate change impose the safeguarding of Cultural Heritage (CH) with effective and durable materials as a vital solution in the invaluable socioeconomic resource of CH. Conservation products and methodologies are addressed under recent advancements in colloidal science providing multi-functional solutions for cleaning, consolidation, protection, and monitoring of the architectural surfaces. Nanoscience significantly contributes to enrich the palette of materials and tools that can guarantee an effective response to aggressive environmental agents. Nanostructured multi-functional nanoparticles, nanostructured fluids, and gels for stone conservation are reviewed and future perspectives are also commented. The stability and high flexibility in designing tailored made nanoparticles according to the specific characteristics of the substrate enable their use in a variety of applications. Stemming from the well-performed in lab applications with nanomaterials, the testing onsite and the monitoring of their effectiveness are of crucial importance, considering also the constructive feedback from conservators and heritage stakeholders that can unquestionably contribute to the improvement and optimisation of the nanomaterials for CH protection.

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“…In low-porosity stone, such as marbles, treatments tend to remain on the surface creating a film being an undesirable effect [25]. Consolidant treatments must be able to be introduced into the materials to be consolidated to improve their cohesion [26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Consolidating Treatments in Pugliese Tuff (Gravina Calcarenite) Used in Italian Heritage Buildings

Huesca-Tortosa,

Spairani-Berrio,

Coviello

et al. 2024

Buildings

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This work evaluates the effectiveness of various consolidating treatments applied to Pugliese tuff (Gravina Calcarenite). This type of stone has been used in numerous historic buildings in the Puglia area (southeast of Italy), which presents durability problems due to high porosity, low cohesion between clasts, and low mechanical resistance. Eco-friendly treatments that generate CaCO3 have been selected, specifically bioconsolidant KBYO biological and lime water, which a priori are capable of consolidating without occluding the pores or reducing them excessively, thereby creating compounds similar to those contained in the stone and being respectful of the environment. Nano-sized treatments have also been tested, including nanosilica and nanolime, to compare results with eco-friendly treatments. The bioconsolidating treatment has been applied in two different ways, the usual way consisting of two applications a day for 7 days, as well as a double treatment that is applied in two batches of 7 days with a rest of 7 days between applications. Double treatment has shown a great improvement in consolidation compared to the usual 7-day application; this treatment has obtained the best results in both mechanical and petrophysical properties. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of the bioconsolidant but also expands eco-friendly conservation strategies to improve the preservation of historical structures built in calcarenite.

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Current and Future Trends in Protective Treatments for Stone Heritage

Cited by 5 publications

References 95 publications

The Long-Term Efficiency and Compatibility of Hydrophobic Treatments in Protecting Vulnerable Sandstone at Arbroath Abbey (Scotland)

The Long-Term Efficiency and Compatibility of Hydrophobic Treatments in Protecting Vulnerable Sandstone at Arbroath Abbey (Scotland)

Advances in the application of nanomaterials for natural stone conservation

Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Consolidating Treatments in Pugliese Tuff (Gravina Calcarenite) Used in Italian Heritage Buildings

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