Current and Future Trends in the Clinical Diagnosis of Rickettsioses Sensu Lato

Abstract

Aims:The aim of this review is to present Rickettsioses sensu lato, with emphasis on their current and future clinical diagnosis. The review presents the conditions, the agents that cause them, and the current gold standards on their diagnosis in national and international reference centres. Additionally, this review covers the various emerging technologies available in the diagnosis of Rickettsioses and discusses their potential for future use as gold standards in the diagnosis of these diseases. Introduction: The introduction presents Rickettsioses sensu lato and gives a broad overview of the conditions they cause, the issues associated with their current diagnosis and the need for their improved, earlier and more accurate diagnosis, in order to prevent current issues with false negatives, misdiagnosis or delay in the diagnosis associated with these conditions, which often renders them grave or lethal. Main Body: The main body of the review presents in independent sections Rickettsias, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Bartonella and Coxiella and the conditions associated with each of these bacteria. Spotted fever, endemic typhus, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichioses, bartonellosis and Q-fever are some of the conditions associated with this group of proteobacteria. The emphasis is on the clinical diagnosis of these conditions and an overview of the current practice, gold standards in reference

Seroprevalence of Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, and Q Fever among Butchers and Slaughterhouse Workers in South-Eastern Iran

“…It is known that antibodies against antigens of phase I and II persist for months or years after primary infection. Since the clinical diagnosis is difficult, in most cases, diagnosis of Q fever depends on serological tests [ 50 ]. In our study, the seroprevalence rate of phase I and II antibodies in butchers and slaughterhouse workers of Sistan va Baluchestan were 18.1% and 14.4%, respectively.…”