Current advances in gibberellic acid (GA3) production, patented technologies and potential applications

Abstract

Gibberellic acid is a plant growth hormone that promotes cell expansion and division. Studies have aimed at optimizing and reducing production costs, which could make its application economically viable for different cultivars. Gibberellins consist of a large family of plant growth hormones discovered in the 1930s, which are synthesized via the terpenes route from the geranylgeranyl diphosphate and feature a basic structure formed by an ent-gibberellane tetracyclic skeleton. Among them, only four have biological activity, including gibberellic acid (GA), which acts as a natural plant growth regulator, especially for stem elongation, seed germination, and increased fruit size. It can be obtained from plants, fungi, and bacteria. There are also some reports about microalgae GA producers. Fungi, especially Gibberella fujikuroi, are preferred for GA production via submerged fermentation or solid-state fermentation. Many factors may affect its production, some of which are related to the control and scale-up of fermentation parameters. Different GA products are available on the market. They can be found in liquid or solid formulations containing only GA or a mixture of other biological active gibberellins, which can be applied on a wide variety of cultivars, including crops and fruits. However, the product's cost still limits its large and continuous application. New low-cost and efficient GA production alternatives are surely welcome. This review deals with the latest scientific and technological advances on production, recovery, formulation, and applications of this important plant growth hormone.

Responses of Foreign GA3 Application on Seedling Growth of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) under Salinity Stress Conditions

“…Exogenous application of plant growth phytohormones has been regarded as an effective way to alleviate negative effects of salinity. Among these, gibberellins have been recorded to be a promoter for plant growth under salinity conditions [19][20][21][22][23] which can relieve seed dormancy, promote plant gene expression, increase the synthesis of hydrolase in plants, repair damaged cell membranes and improve seed vitality. Previous studies have shown that the use of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) can promote seed germination, improve the salt tolerance of seeds, and alleviate the inhibition of salt on seedling growth [22,[24][25][26].…”

Biospeckle optical coherence tomography in speedy visualizing effects of foliar application of plant growth hormone to Chinese chives leaves

“…The study was done before and following application of a phytohormone, gibberellic acid (GA3), after an hour. GA3 is considered to be an important phytohormone responsible for green revolution and is widely used either on its own or with other growth hormones such as auxin or cytokinin to enhance the growth (Camara et al, 2018;Yamaguchi, 2008). Thus, techniques that require monitoring the action of plant hormones within an intact tissue providing high temporal and spatial resolutions are needed.…”

Biospeckle optical coherence tomography in speedy visualizing effects of foliar application of plant growth hormone to Chinese chives leaves

“…GA 3 is considered to be an important phytohormone responsible for green revolution and is widely used either on its own or with other growth hormones such as auxin or cytokinin to enhance the growth (Camara et al, 2018;Yamaguchi, 2008). Thus, techniques that require monitoring the action of plant hormones within an intact tissue providing high temporal and spatial resolutions are needed.…”