Current Advancement of Immunomodulatory Drugs as Potential Pharmacotherapies for Autoimmunity Based Neurological Diseases

Abstract

Dramatic advancement has been made in recent decades to understand the basis of autoimmunity-mediated neurological diseases. These diseases create a strong influence on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to various clinical manifestations and numerous symptoms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune neurological disease while NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is less common. Furthermore, evidence supports the presence of autoimmune mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons. Additionally, autoimmunity is believed to be involved in the basis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In recent years, the prevalence of autoimmune-based neurological disorders has been elevated and current findings strongly suggest the role of pharmacotherapies in controlling the progression of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, this review focused on the current advancement of immunomodulatory drugs as novel approaches in the management of autoimmune neurological diseases and their future outlook.

Latent Potential of Multifunctional Selenium Nanoparticles in Neurological Diseases and Altered Gut Microbiota

“…The second most progressive neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease, which has the main characteristics of muscle rigidity, dyskinesia with tremors, postural instability, and bradykinesia [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. Although the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease is not yet clear, oxidative stress is regarded as one of the prime pathological markers of PD as it results in neuronal damage and ultimately death [ 80 , 81 ].…”

Integrated Analysis of Immune Infiltration and Hub Pyroptosis-Related Genes for Multiple Sclerosis

“…MS is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by the massive infiltration of immune cells, inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal death in the CNS, yet remains widely under-detected and often misdiagnosed. 1 , 34 Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to diagnose and treat MS.…”

“…Inappropriate response of T/B cells is a well-known putative candidate among other causal agents. 1 Anti-CD20 (aCD20) B cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies have proven highly successful in treating MS. However, new disease activity develops in a small proportion of MS patients after starting aCD20 therapy, 2 and aCD20 therapy seems to only have a modest effect in preventing long-term disability in progressive forms of MS.…”

Перспективи Застосування Імуномодуляторів У Лікуванні Хворих На Автоімунні Захворювання: Фокус На Екстракти Біологічних Тканин (Кріоекстракт Плаценти Та Кріоекстракт Селезінки)

“…Автоімунні захворювання недостатньо вивчені і велика група захворювань виникає внаслідок неправильної імунної реакції проти антигену організму. У більшості автоімунних захворювань спостерігалося запалення внаслідок асоціації автоантигенспецифічних Т-клітин та антигенпрезентуючих клітин (antigen-presenting cell -APC) [11]. Як правило, запалення та руйнування клітин, тканин або органів виникають через відсутність толерантності до власних антигенів та появу автоантитіл на додаток до клітинної імунної відповіді [12].…”