Curing time and heating conditions for piezoelectric properties of cement-based composites containing PZT

Cement-Based Piezoelectric Ceramic Composites for Sensing Elements: A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review

“…Considering the positive effect of the high temperature on the hydration evaluation, Wang et al [ 52 ] carried out the hot water and steam curing process, respectively. Pan et al [ 60 ] found that the pre-heating treatment could improve the polarization efficiency due to decreased moisture. The above fabrication process development could contribute to a better microstructure and mitigate the negative effect caused by the ITZ between the cement matrix and piezoelectric ceramic particles.…”

“…Later, Chaipanich et al [ 63 ] found the increased trend of d 33 in PZT-Portland cement composites with time; Pan et al [ 53 ] also characterized this phenomenon during their investigation into the effect of admixture. In 2016, Pan et al [ 60 ] found that heat treatment could improve the comprehensive performance after aging. Subsequently, the effect of the water/cement ratio and time on the piezoelectric performance was also studied [ 64 ].…”

“…Although the higher temperature and stronger electric field can destroy the matrix, it can help obtain better piezoelectric performance. Cheng et al [ 95 ] considered the appropriate polarization temperature based on the decomposition temperature of hydrated cement and characterized the performance in various time and electric fields; Pan et al [ 60 ] considered the moisture effect on CPCs and performance per-heat treatment, thereby obtaining lower dielectric losses; Wittinanon et al [ 38 ] modified the microstructure of matrix by mixing PVDF, and the leakage current reduced dramatically. Although the variety of piezoelectric performance caused by long-term hydration of cement has been realized and promotes the utilization of quick-setting cement, fewer studies illustrate its advantage.…”

“…Subsequently, the curing process for cement hydration is essential, which could improve the integrity of CPCs due to the chemical bonding and chemical reaction between the cement matrix and ceramic [ 96 ]. The free water will reduce during the drying process [ 60 ], improving the polarization efficiency.…”

“…Lead-Bearing CPCs Lead-Free CPCs Piezoelectric strain factor d 33 (10 −12 C/N) 215~513 [79] 190~235 [38,39] 0.5~87 [45,80] 5 *~143 * [37,52,64] 4~61.5 [74,75] Piezoelectric voltage factor g 33 (10 −3 Vm/N) 15.9~25 [79] 12.43~18.28 [38,39] 15~60 [34,81,82] 20 *~30 * [83] 7~33.59 [38,75] Dielectric constant ε r (at 1 kHz) 1050~3643 [37,77] 1452~1726 [38,39] 43.5~536 [34,47,48] 1017.6~1834.2 [78] 280 *~890 * [60,64] 120~350 [38,39] Thickness…”