Curing epoxy with electrochemically synthesized Ni Fe3-O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Jouyandeh, Maryam; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza; Ali, Jagar A.; Aghazadeh, Mustafa; Stadler, Florian J.; Saeb, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.06.044

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The desired properties of thermoset nanocomposites are strongly related to the nanoparticles [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Properties of the thermoset polymer composites are dependent on the crosslinking reactions, as well as the size, the shape and the surface functionality of the nanoparticles [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In this regard, appropriate selection of nanoparticles can guarantee the required properties [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxy/Ionic Liquid-Modified Mica Nanocomposites: Network Formation–Network Degradation Correlation

et al. 2021

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We synthesized pristine mica (Mica) and N-octadecyl-N’-octadecyl imidazolium iodide (IM) modified mica (Mica-IM), characterized it, and applied it at 0.1–5.0 wt.% loading to prepare epoxy nanocomposites. Dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out for the analysis of the cure potential and kinetics of epoxy/Mica and epoxy/Mica-IM curing reaction with amine curing agents at low loading of 0.1 wt.% to avoid particle aggregation. The dimensionless Cure Index (CI) was used for qualitative analysis of epoxy crosslinking in the presence of Mica and Mica-IM, while qualitative cure behavior and kinetics were studied by using isoconversional methods. The results indicated that both Mica and Mica-IM improved the curability of epoxy system from a Poor to Good state when varying the heating rate in the interval of 5–15 °C min−1. The isoconversional methods suggested a lower activation energy for epoxy nanocomposites with respect to the blank epoxy; thus, Mica and Mica-IM improved crosslinking of epoxy. The higher order of autocatalytic reaction for epoxy/Mica-IM was indicative of the role of liquid crystals in the epoxide ring opening. The glass transition temperature for nanocomposites containing Mica and Mica-IM was also lower than the neat epoxy. This means that nanoparticles participated the reaction because of being reactive, which decelerated segmental motion of the epoxy chains. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition were evaluated for the neat and mica incorporated epoxy nanocomposites epoxy with varying Mica and Mica-IM amounts in the system (0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 wt.%) and heating rates. The epoxy/Mica-IM at 2.0 wt.% of nanoparticle showed the highest thermal stability, featured by the maximum value of activation energy devoted to the assigned system. The kinetics of the network formation and network degradation were correlated to demonstrate how molecular-level transformations can be viewed semi-experimentally.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxy/Ionic Liquid-Modified Mica Nanocomposites: Network Formation–Network Degradation Correlation

et al. 2021

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“…When epoxy is cured with PEG functionalized Zn-doped MNPs, the Poor cure state was changed to Good cure, as measured by the Cure Index , which was inferred to be due to the contribution of OH groups of PEG as well as Zn 2+ Lewis acid precursors to epoxy ring opening [ 24 ]. By contrast, the Ni 2+ dopants mainly locate on the top layer of Fe 3 O 4 crystal that significantly activate the MNPs surface [ 25 ]. Good cure state is the result of PEG functionalization of Ni 2+ -doped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk-Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Developing Highly-Crosslinked Polymer Nanocomposites

et al. 2020

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Surface modification of nanoparticles with functional molecules has become a routine method to compensate for diffusion-controlled crosslinking of thermoset polymer composites at late stages of crosslinking, while bulk modification has not carefully been discussed. In this work, a highly-crosslinked model polymer nanocomposite based on epoxy and surface-bulk functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was developed. MNPs were synthesized electrochemically, and then polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface-functionalized (PEG-MNPs) and PEG-functionalized cobalt-doped (Co-PEG-MNPs) particles were developed and used in nanocomposite preparation. Various analyses including field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were employed in characterization of surface and bulk of PEG-MNPs and Co-PEG-MNPs. Epoxy nanocomposites including the aforementioned MNPs were prepared and analyzed by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study their curing potential in epoxy/amine system. Analyses based on Cure Index revealed that incorporation of 0.1 wt.% of Co-PEG-MNPs into epoxy led to Excellent cure at all heating rates, which uncovered the assistance of bulk modification of nanoparticles to the crosslinking of model epoxy nanocomposites. Isoconversional methods revealed higher activation energy for the completely crosslinked epoxy/Co-PEG-MNPs nanocomposite compared to the neat epoxy. The kinetic model based on isoconversional methods was verified by the experimental rate of cure reaction.

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“…The values of ∆T*, ∆H* and the CI were calculated and reported in Table 2. It was recently shown that the addition of bare MNPs and Ni-doped MNPs into epoxy resin leads to the poor cure state due to the agglomeration [24]. According to Table 2, at β of 5 and 10…”

Section: Sample Codesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition, Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ known as Lewis acids can catalyze epoxy ring opening, which changes the label of cure of epoxy from poor to excellent, as unveiled by the cure index (CI). In contrast, a poor cure state was the consequence of doping Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with Ni 2+ dopants [24]. The Ni 2+ dopants on the top layers of nano-Fe 3 O 4 crystal dramatically increased the activity of MNPs surface, allowing MNPs for agglomeration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Analysis of Crosslinking Reactions in Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Functionalized Nickel-Doped Nano-Fe3O4

et al. 2020

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This work reports on the thermal analysis of epoxy containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surface-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (PVC–S/MNP) and its bulk-modified nickel-doped counterpart (PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B). Nanoparticles were synthesized through the cathodic electro-deposition method. The morphology of particles was imaged on a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), while X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to detect changes in the structure of nanoparticles. The magnetic behavior of particles was also studied by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). In particular, we focused on the effect of the bulk (Ni-doping) and surface (PVC-capping) modifications of MNPs on the thermal crosslinking of epoxy using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) varying the heating rate. The cure labels of the prepared nanocomposites were assigned to them, as quantified by the cure index. The good cure state was assigned to the system containing PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B as a result of excessive ring opening of epoxy. Cure kinetics parameters of PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B incorporated epoxy was obtained by the use of isoconversional methodology. The activation energy of epoxy was decreased upon addition of 0.1 wt% of PVC–S/MNP/Bi–B due to the reaction of Cl− of PVC by the functional groups of resin.

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Curing epoxy with electrochemically synthesized Ni Fe3-O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Cited by 30 publications

References 32 publications

Epoxy/Ionic Liquid-Modified Mica Nanocomposites: Network Formation–Network Degradation Correlation

Epoxy/Ionic Liquid-Modified Mica Nanocomposites: Network Formation–Network Degradation Correlation

Bulk-Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Developing Highly-Crosslinked Polymer Nanocomposites

Thermal Analysis of Crosslinking Reactions in Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)-Functionalized Nickel-Doped Nano-Fe3O4

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