Curing behavior of soy flour with phenol-formaldehyde and isocyanate resins

Hand, William G.; Ashurst, W. Robert; Via, Brian K.; Banerjee, Sujit

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.10.002

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These materials are added to protein adhesives during their preparation or before their application [31]. Cross-linking modifications using latex, synthetic resin, polyamide-epichlorohydrin, and isocyanate have been shown to be efficient methods for increasing the water resistance of an adhesive [32,33,35,36].…”

Section: Cross-linking Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Strategies to Enhance the Water Resistance of Green Wood Adhesives Produced from Sustainable Protein Sources

Oni,

Lawrence,

Zappi

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The health risks associated with formaldehyde have propelled relevant stakeholders to push for the production of non-toxic wood adhesives. Several countries including the USA, Japan, and Germany have implemented policies mandating manufacturers to reduce the emissions of formaldehyde to lower levels. Protein adhesives stand out due to their sustainability, renewable sources, and biodegradability. However, they are limited by poor wet strength and water resistance, which affect their wide acceptability in the marketplace. Researchers have developed multiple strategies to mitigate these issues to advance protein adhesives so they may compete more favorably with their petroleum-based counterparts. This review paper explores these strategies including cross-linking, modified fillers, and the removal of hydrophilic content while providing insights into the methodological approaches utilized in recent literature with a comparison of the resultant protein adhesives.

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Section: Cross-linking Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Strategies to Enhance the Water Resistance of Green Wood Adhesives Produced from Sustainable Protein Sources

Oni,

Lawrence,

Zappi

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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show abstract

“…Increasingly, researchers are also investigating new flours, as despite having a very similar texture, each new raw material can have slightly different properties. Such experimental attempts include chestnut flour [17], rice starch [18], biomass combustion fly ash [19], or soy flour [20][21][22]. These raw materials belong to the group of active fillers and can therefore swell, absorbing moisture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upcycling of Wood Dust from Particleboard Recycling as a Filler in Lignocellulosic Layered Composite Technology

Wronka,

Kowaluk

2023

Materials

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The following research aims to investigate selected properties of three-layer plywood, manufactured using dust from the milling of three-layer particleboard as a filler in the bonding mass. Four types of fillers were considered in the study: commercial rye flour, wood dust naturally occurring in the composition of particles used industrially for particleboard production, wood dust from the first batch of shredded particleboard, and dust from the second round of milled particleboard. The highest modulus of elasticity (MOE) values were observed for the reference samples. Notably, in the samples containing filler sourced from the secondary milling of particleboard, the MOE exhibited an upward trend in conjunction with increasing filler content. The modulus of rupture (MOR) decreased with an elevated degree of filler milling from 73.1 N mm−2 for the native filler, through to 68.9 N mm−2 for the filler after 1st milling, and to 54.5 N mm−2 for the filler after 2nd milling (with 10 parts per weight (pbw) of filler used as an reference), though it increased slightly as the filler content increased. The most favorable outcomes in shear strength were achieved in samples containing filler material from the initial milling of particleboard. The thickness swelling peaked in variants utilizing filler material from both the initial and secondary milling of particleboards (20.1% and 16.6% after 24 h of soaking for samples with 10 pbw filler after the 1st and 2nd milling, respectively, compared to 13.0% for the reference samples). Water absorption testing exhibited a more pronounced response in the newly introduced variants, although the samples containing filler from the initial and secondary milling processes eventually yielded results akin to the reference sample, with naturally occurring dust displaying higher water absorption values. The highest density values (about 1224 kg m−3) were observed in the reference samples. A similar density profile was recorded for samples with five parts of wood flour as filler, although the density of the bonding line was slightly lower in these instances (1130 kg m−3). This research confirms the feasibility of applying the aforementioned dust as an alternative to conventional fillers in plywood technology. It also raises the question of how to effectively remove glue residues from wood-based composite dust, which would enhance their absorption properties.

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“…Some cross linkers, such as aldehydes, phenolformaldehyde (PF), polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, and magnesium oxide, are simply mixed with aqueous flour dispersions. Up to 30% soy flour can be added to either poly(diphenylmethylene diisocyanate) (pMDI) or PF adhesive with little property loss (Hand et al, 2018). PAE is used in the commercial soy adhesive Soyad™ (Allen et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Canola and Soy Flour with Added Isocyanate as Wood Adhesives

Barzegar

Behrooz

Mansouri

et al. 2020

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Canola is widely grown in the northern latitudes for its vegetable oil, generating large quantities of residual, low value canola flour used as animal feed. The common wood adhesive poly(diphenylmethylene diisocyanate) (pMDI) should react with the wide variety of functional groups in proteins. Therefore, it would seem that canola flour with added pMDI could be an effective adhesive. Two main questions are addressed in this study: How do the wood adhesive properties of canola flour compare to the better‐studied soy flour? How well do proteins, which contain an abundance of functional groups, cure with the very reactive pMDI? These questions were addressed using the small‐scale adhesive strength test ASTM D‐7998, with various adhesive formulations and bonding conditions for canola flour plus pMDI compared to soy adhesives. The more challenging wet cohesive bond strength was emphasized because the dry strengths were usually very good. Generally, soy adhesives were better than canola ones, as was the polyamidoamine‐epichlorohydrin cross‐linker compared to pMDI, but these generalizations can be altered by the conditions selected. Three‐ply plywood tests supported the small‐scale test results.

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Curing behavior of soy flour with phenol-formaldehyde and isocyanate resins

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

A Review of Strategies to Enhance the Water Resistance of Green Wood Adhesives Produced from Sustainable Protein Sources

A Review of Strategies to Enhance the Water Resistance of Green Wood Adhesives Produced from Sustainable Protein Sources

Upcycling of Wood Dust from Particleboard Recycling as a Filler in Lignocellulosic Layered Composite Technology

Comparison of Canola and Soy Flour with Added Isocyanate as Wood Adhesives

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