Cumulative flying time and risk of venous thromboembolism

MacCallum, Peter; Ashby, Deborah; Hennessy, Enid; Letley, Louise; Martin, Jeannett; Mt‐Isa, Shahrul; Vickers, Martin; Whyte, Ken

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08899.x

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…According to MacCallum et al, the risk associated with air travel is not limited only to long individual flights, but also to cumulative flight time. In their study with 550 VTE cases and 1971 controls, cases were two- to three-fold more likely than controls to have flown >4 h in any one leg of their journey or >12 h in total over the previous 4 weeks [ 130 ].…”

Section: Risk Factors For Venous Thromboembolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology

Pastori

Cormaci

Marucci

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cause of death worldwide. The incidence of VTE varies according to different countries, ranging from 1–2 per 1000 person-years in Western Countries, while it is lower in Eastern Countries (<1 per 1000 person-years). Many risk factors have been identified in patients developing VTE, but the relative contribution of each risk factor to thrombotic risk, as well as pathogenetic mechanisms, have not been fully described. Herewith, we provide a comprehensive review of the most common risk factors for VTE, including male sex, diabetes, obesity, smoking, Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A Gene Mutation, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement, long-haul flight, residual venous thrombosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, trauma and fractures, pregnancy, immobilization, antiphospholipid syndrome, surgery and cancer. Regarding the latter, the incidence of VTE seems highest in pancreatic, liver and non-small cells lung cancer (>70 per 1000 person-years) and lowest in breast, melanoma and prostate cancer (<20 per 1000 person-years). In this comprehensive review, we summarized the prevalence of different risk factors for VTE and the potential molecular mechanisms/pathogenetic mediators leading to VTE.

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Section: Risk Factors For Venous Thromboembolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology

Pastori

Cormaci

Marucci

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…MacCallum et al 19 demonstrated that on flights lasting less than 4 h, the risk of VTE is approximately two times higher compared to non-traveler subjects [odds ratio (OR): 2.20; 95% CI: 1.29–3.73] and remained high in the four subsequent weeks. In long-haul flights (greater than 12 h as one or more flights), the risk of VTE is around three times higher (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.44–5.28).…”

Section: Venous Thromboembolism and Air Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economy class syndrome: what is it and who are the individuals at risk?

Dusse

Silva

Freitas

et al. 2017

Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia

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The term ‘economy class syndrome’ refers to the occurrence of thrombotic events during long-haul flights that mainly occur in passengers in the economy class of the aircraft. This syndrome results from several factors related to the aircraft cabin (immobilization, hypobaric hypoxia and low humidity) and the passenger (body mass index, thrombophilia, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer), acting together to predispose to excessive blood coagulation, which can result in venous thromboembolism. Several risk factors, both genetic and acquired, are associated with venous thromboembolism. The most important genetic risk factors are natural anticoagulant deficiencies (antithrombin, protein C and protein S), factor V Leiden, prothrombin and fibrinogen gene mutations and non-O blood group individuals. Acquired risk factors include age, pregnancy, surgery, obesity, cancer, hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, antiphospholipid syndrome, infections, immobilization and smoking. People who have these risk factors are predisposed to hypercoagulability and are more susceptible to suffer venous thromboembolism during air travel. For these individuals, a suitable outfit for the trip, frequent walks, calf muscle exercises, elastic compression stockings and hydration are important preventive measures. Hence, it is essential to inform about economic class syndrome in an attempt to encourage Brazilian health and transport authorities to adopt measures, in partnership with the pharmaceutical industry, to prevent venous thromboembolism.

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“…Those that do not require medical intervention are simple measures such as maintaining adequate hydration; early postoperative mobilisation; promoting healthy postoperative food intake; and encouraging healthy preoperative patient weight or BMI. 17,85,86,[94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] Measures that involve medical intervention are mechanical prophylaxis and pharmacological prophylaxis; together these strategies tackle the sluggish blood flow and increased clotting factor levels that occur with lower limb surgery. …”

Section: Preventing Venous Thromboembolimentioning

confidence: 99%