Cumulative exposure to impaired fasting glucose and future risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Kim, Mee Kyoung; Han, Kyungdo; Koh, Eun Sil; Hong, Oak‐Kee; Baek, Kwang‐Hyun; Song, Ki‐Ho; Kwon, Hyuk‐Sang

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108799

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…2B , model 2). We previously reported that the IFG exposure score showed a strong, dose-dependent association with type 2 DM [ 9 ]. The cumulative incidence of type 2 DM in subjects with an IFG exposure score of 4 (persistent IFG) was 25.5 per 1,000 person-years, which substantially exceeded the rate of 4.6 per 1,000 person-years in the entire study population [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously reported that the IFG exposure score showed a strong, dose-dependent association with type 2 DM [ 9 ]. The cumulative incidence of type 2 DM in subjects with an IFG exposure score of 4 (persistent IFG) was 25.5 per 1,000 person-years, which substantially exceeded the rate of 4.6 per 1,000 person-years in the entire study population [ 9 ]. Some individuals with a higher IFG exposure score might have developed type 2 DM during follow-up and subsequently received treatment (e.g., statins or antihypertensive medications) to reduce their risk of CVD events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of IFG diagnoses over 4 years was tabulated as the IFG exposure score, which ranged from 0 to 4. Individuals who did not have IFG at any of the health examinations were given an IFG exposure score of 0, whereas a score of 4 was given to those who received an IFG diagnosis at all four health examinations [ 9 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IFG was categorized as grade 1 (FBG 100 to 109 mg/dL) or grade 2 (110 to 125 mg/dL). The IFG score was calculated by assigning 0, 1, and 2 points to FBG levels of 100, 100–109, and 110–125 mg/dL, respectively [ 9 ]. These severity-weighted scores were then totaled to yield an IFG exposure score that ranged from 0 to 8 points, such that a person with a total of 8 points had an FBG ≥110 mg/dL at all four annual health checkups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prediabetes is a dynamic condition; it may revert to normal glucose tolerance or progress to DM. A limitation of most earlier studies on this topic is that they did not consider the dynamic nature of prediabetes [ 8 , 9 ]. Diabetes occurs in approximately 5% to 10% of people with prediabetes annually, while the rate of reversion to normoglycemia depends upon population characteristics and the definition of prediabetes [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes

et al. 2021

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Background: Metabolic abnormalities, such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), are dynamic phenomena; however, it is unclear whether the timing of IFG exposure and cumulative exposure to IFG are related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk. Methods: Data were extracted from a nationwide population-based cohort in South Korea for adults (n=2,206,679) who were free of diabetes and had 4 years of consecutive health examination data. Fasting blood glucose levels of 100 to 125 mg/dL were defined as IFG, and the number of IFG diagnoses for each adult in the 4-year period was tabulated as the IFG exposure score (range, 0 to 4). Adults with persistent IFG for the 4-year period received a score of 4. Results:The median follow-up was 8.2 years. There were 24,820 deaths, 13,502 cases of stroke, and 13,057 cases of myocardial infarction (MI). IFG exposure scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with all-cause mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes

et al. 2021

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Cumulative exposure to impaired fasting glucose and gastrointestinal cancer risk: A nationwide cohort study

Ahn,

Kim,

Park

et al. 2024

Cancer

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BackgroundImpaired fasting glucose (IFG) is associated with the risk of various cancers, but the cumulative effect of IFG on gastrointestinal cancer risk remains unclear. This study evaluated the association between the cumulative exposure to IFG and gastrointestinal cancer risk.MethodsThe authors extracted data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and health examination data sets. Among individuals ≥40 years old who were free of diabetes or cancer, 1,430,054 who underwent national health examinations over 4 consecutive years from 2009 to 2012 were selected and followed up until gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis, death, or December 31, 2019. The IFG exposure score (range, 0–4) was based on the number of IFG diagnoses over 4 years.ResultsThe median follow‐up duration was 6.4 years. Consistent normoglycemia for 4 years was found in 44.3% of the population, whereas 5.0% had persistent IFG and 50.7% had intermittent IFG. Compared to the group with an IFG exposure score of 0, groups with IFG exposure scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 had a 5%, 8%, 9%, and 12% increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer, respectively (score 1: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.08; score 2: aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04–1.12; score 3: aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05–1.14; score 4: aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06–1.19). Persistent IFG exposure was also associated with higher risks of individual cancer types (colorectum, stomach, pancreas, biliary tract, and esophagus).ConclusionsCumulative exposure to IFG is associated with an increased risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer, in a dose‐dependent manner.Plain Language Summary Hyperglycemia, including both diabetes and prediabetes, has been associated with an increased risk of various cancers. However, the cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer remains unclear. A frequent diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose was dose‐dependently associated with a higher risk of developing overall gastrointestinal cancer. Furthermore, risks of individual cancer types increased with persistent impaired fasting glucose. Early detection of hyperglycemia and strict glycemic control can lower the risk of gastrointestinal cancer by reducing hyperglycemic burden. Additionally, for some individuals, lifestyle changes such as managing metabolic syndrome or abstaining from alcohol may also be helpful.

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Prediabetes, intervening diabetes and subsequent risk of dementia: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Fang

Pike

et al. 2023

Diabetologia

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Cumulative exposure to impaired fasting glucose and future risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Cumulative exposure to impaired fasting glucose and gastrointestinal cancer risk: A nationwide cohort study

Prediabetes, intervening diabetes and subsequent risk of dementia: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

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