Cumulative Evidence for Association of Acetaminophen Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis

Abstract

Background: Several studies have linked acetaminophen exposure to the risk of allergic rhinitis, with controversial results. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted up to December 1, 2019. We included observational studies that examined the association between acetaminophen exposure and the risk of allergic rhinitis. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using randomeffects meta-analysis. Results: Eighteen studies with 870,492 participants were included. Analysis showed that acetaminophen exposure was associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.41-1.69). Also, early exposure and exposure in the past year to acetaminophen was positively associated with risk of allergic rhinitis (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.21-1.49 and OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.48-2.04, respectively). The risk of allergic rhinitis was greater for people who had acet-aminophen exposure once per month over the past year (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.60-2.26) compared to once per year (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11-1.48). Conclusion: With our meta-analysis, we provide the evidence that exposure to acetaminophen is associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis. In addition, acetaminophen exposure in early life and acetaminophen exposure in the past year are positively associated with the risk of allergic rhinitis. Future research is needed to evaluate whether the association is causal.

Increased fecal human beta-defensin-2 expression in preterm infants is associated with allergic disease development in early childhood

“…Each factor may have influenced the maturation process of the infant immune system and later atopy. [24][25][26]43,44 Therefore, our data should be interpreted with caution.…”

“…3 After birth, gut microbiota help to maintain gut epithelial integrity, establish immune tolerance and modify the body's response to potential allergen. 23 Various factors affecting immune response or microbiota homeostasis, such as exposure to acetaminophen, antibiotics, or both, in early life, [24][25][26] may precede the development of allergic diseases. [27][28][29] To date, there is insufficient evidence regarding early-life probiotic administration as an effective approach in preventing allergic diseases.…”

“…On the other hand, although a trend suggests probiotics exposure during the first year may reduce the risk of allergic diseases in our participants (OR ¼ 0.34 [0.12-1.03]) (Table 5), the prevalence of medication exposure history (antibiotic, antipyretic, and probiotic) showed no difference at the age of 12 months between children that developed allergic diseases and those who did not (Table 1). We proposed that the types, dosage, and frequency of antibiotics or antipyretics, 24,25 as well as the strain, timing, and length of administration of probiotics 30,31 -rather than exposure prevalence-may be more important factors influencing intestinal HBD-2 production and allergic disease development.…”

Correlation between B-cell lymphoma 6 with the balance of T helper-1/2 and severity of allergic rhinitis

“…3 AR is estimated to affect 40% of the global population, which causes huge economic burden, amounting to several billion dollars annually. 4,5 The etiology of AR is interrelated to environmental, epigenetic, and genetic factors. 6 Current treatment options for AR include pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy.…”

Effect of Medicine-Separated Moxibustion on Navel Combined with Mind-Regulating Acupuncture on Curative Effect and Quality of Life in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis

“…At present, there are two broad views on "God." One is the internal function of the life activities of the human body, and the other is the mental activities of the human body, which can also reflect the internal functional state of the body [12]. erefore, Tiaoshen plays an important role when treating AR.…”