Cumulative Effects of Growing Up in Separate and Unequal Neighborhoods on Racial Disparities in Self-rated Health in Early Adulthood

Kravitz‐Wirtz, Nicole

doi:10.1177/0022146516671568

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Although no study to date has examined long‐term trajectories of neighborhood SES in relation to CRC, several studies have examined their associations with other health outcomes. Kravitz‐Wirtz reported that growing up in neighborhoods characterized by long‐term low SES was associated with worse self‐rated health . Margerison‐Zilko and colleagues reported that long‐term high poverty in the neighborhood was associated with higher odds of preterm birth .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kravitz-Wirtz reported that growing up in neighborhoods characterized by long-term low SES was associated with worse self-rated health. 25 Margerison-Zilko and colleagues reported that long-term high poverty in the neighborhood was associated with higher odds of preterm birth. 26 In addition, Sheehan et al observed that individuals living in census tracts with long-term high poverty had higher odds of being obese and had higher BMI values than those who lived in census tracts with long-term low poverty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ten‐year change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer

Zhang

Matthews

Powell‐Wiley

et al. 2018

Cancer

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Background A growing body of research has demonstrated that individuals who live in neighborhoods with more severe socioeconomic deprivation may have higher risks for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, previous studies have examined neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) at only 1 point in time, and it is unclear whether changes in neighborhood SES also can influence the risks of CRC. Methods Cox regression analysis was used to examine different trajectories of change in neighborhood SES over 10 years in relation to the incidence of CRC among 266,804 participants (ages 51‐70 years) in the National Institutes of Health‐AARP Diet and Health Study. Eligible participants reported living in the same neighborhood at baseline (1995‐1996) and from 2004 to 2006 according to a follow‐up questionnaire. Changes in neighborhood SES were measured between 1990 and 2000 by SES indices derived from Census data. Neighborhoods were grouped into 4 categories based on median SES indices in 1990 and 2000 (low‐low, low‐high, high‐low, and high‐high). Results Compared with residents whose neighborhoods were in the higher SES group at both time points (reference category), those whose neighborhoods were consistently in the low SES group had a 7% higher risk of developing CRC (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.00‐1.14). Moreover, the risk of CRC was 15% higher (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.28) for those living in neighborhoods with decreasing SES (high‐low) over time. Conclusions The current findings suggest that exposure to consistently low SES neighborhoods and/or a decrease in neighborhood SES over a period of time may be associated with higher risks of CRC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten‐year change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer

Zhang

Matthews

Powell‐Wiley

et al. 2018

Cancer

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“…SRH is also used for cross-country comparisons [23,24,25,26,27,28,29] and policy development [30,31,32,33]. It is used as a reflection of health disparities and inequality [34,35,36,37]. SRH is also used to track the subjective health of individuals with index psychiatric or medical conditions [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression Fully Mediates the Effect of Multimorbidity on Self-Rated Health for Economically Disadvantaged African American Men but Not Women

Assari

Smith

Bazargan

2019

IJERPH

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Background. Although chronic medical conditions (CMCs), depression, and self-rated health (SRH) are associated, their associations may depend on race, ethnicity, gender, and their intersections. In predominantly White samples, SRH is shown to better reflect the risk of mortality and multimorbidity for men than it is for women, which suggests that poor SRH among women may be caused not only by CMCs, but also by conditions like depression and social relations—a phenomenon known as “the sponge hypothesis.” However, little is known about gender differences in the links between multimorbidity, depression, and SRH among African Americans (AAs). Objective. To study whether depression differently mediates the association between multimorbidity and SRH for economically disadvantaged AA men and women. Methods. This survey was conducted in South Los Angeles between 2015 to 2018. A total number of 740 AA older adults (age ≥ 55 years) were enrolled in this study, of which 266 were AA men and 474 were AA women. The independent variable was the number of CMCs. The dependent variable was SRH. Age and socioeconomic status (educational attainment and marital status) were covariates. Depression was the mediator. Gender was the moderator. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Results. In the pooled sample that included both genders, depression partially mediated the effect of multimorbidity on SRH. In gender specific models, depression fully mediated the effects of multimorbidity on SRH for AA men but not AA women. For AA women but not AA men, social isolation was associated with depression. Conclusion. Gender differences exist in the role of depression as an underlying mechanism behind the effect of multimorbidity on the SRH of economically disadvantaged AA older adults. For AA men, depression may be the reason people with multimorbidity report worse SRH. For AA women, depression is only one of the many reasons individuals with multiple CMCs report poor SRH. Prevention of depression may differently influence the SRH of low-income AA men and women with multimorbidity.

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“…This is one of a number of methodological challenges that has led to an impasse in progress in neighbourhood effects research (van Ham and Manley, 2012). Examples of empirical work where it is assumed individuals will be affected by their neighbourhood more (or less) at certain periods during the life course are rare (Kravitz-Wirtz, 2016a;Lekkas et al, 2017;Murray et al, 2012;Pearce, 2018). The potential of sensitive neighbourhood effect periods is an important hypothesis to test, not least because people move between neighbourhoods and neighbourhoods improve and decline, and therefore a single point in time measurement may misinterpret any neighbourhood effect (Murray et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also add to the existing literature by using data on two separate cohorts that enables us to explore whether sensitive periods are specific to one generation or can be indicative of a wider trend. We test multiple dimensions of health, including general (Dundas et al, 2014;Johnson et al, 2012;Kravitz-Wirtz, 2016a), physical (Clarke et al, 2014;Kravitz-Wirtz, 2016b;Murray et al, 2013;Ruel et al, 2010) and mental health (Clarke et al, 2015;Walsemann et al, 2017) to explore our wider concept of wellbeing. Each outcome used in this study has been shown in earlier literature to be affected by neighbourhood context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are there sensitive neighbourhood effect periods during the life course on midlife health and wellbeing?

Jivraj¹,

Norman

Nicholas

et al. 2019

Health & Place

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Since the turn of the century there has been an explosion in the number of epidemiological studies that have analysed neighbourhood effects on health and wellbeing. The vast majority of these studies are cross-sectional in nature and assume that a contemporaneous place of residence captures a meaningful neighbourhood effect. Over the same time frame, social epidemiology has focussed increasingly on life course effects. This paper aims to bring these two areas of study together and tests whether there a certain ages during the life course when neighbourhoods are more important for our health and wellbeing than others. We use two British birth cohort studies (1958 National Child Development Study and British Cohort Study 1970) each comprising approximately 6,000 sample members at midlife linked to historic census measures used to derived Townsend neighbourhood deprivation scores over the life course. We find little evidence to support our hypothesis that adolescence is a key period of neighbourhood effect, rather we find late-early-adulthood and middle age neighbourhood deprivation is more strongly related to mid-life health and wellbeing. We are not able to conclude whether these effects are causal and encourage further investigation of selection mechanisms into neighbourhoods and mediation throughout the life course using our newly created dataset.

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Cumulative Effects of Growing Up in Separate and Unequal Neighborhoods on Racial Disparities in Self-rated Health in Early Adulthood

Cited by 32 publications

References 95 publications

Ten‐year change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer

Ten‐year change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer

Depression Fully Mediates the Effect of Multimorbidity on Self-Rated Health for Economically Disadvantaged African American Men but Not Women

Are there sensitive neighbourhood effect periods during the life course on midlife health and wellbeing?

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