Cumulative blood oxygenation-level-dependent signal changes support the ‘time accumulator’ hypothesis

Jech, Robert; Dušek, Petr; Wackermann, Jiřı́; Vymazal, Josef

doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000175616.00936.1c

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…There is already widespread evidence for buildup signals in many brain regions and many experimental paradigms. For example, neural activity related to elapsed time has been reported in prefrontal cortex during duration reproduction (Jech et al, 2005), and in LIP during time interval (Leon and Shadlen, 2003) and motion discrimination (Churchland et al, 2008). During instructed delays with different possible durations, as each of the likely GO signal times approaches there is a buildup of neural activity in LIP during saccade tasks (Janssen and Shadlen, 2005), and in motor cortex during reaching tasks (Renoult et al, 2006), with corresponding changes of corticospinal excitability (van Elswijk et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions in Changing Conditions: The Urgency-Gating Model

Cisek¹,

Puskas²,

El-Murr³

2009

J. Neurosci.

442

714

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Several widely accepted models of decision making suggest that, during simple decision tasks, neural activity builds up until a threshold is reached and a decision is made. These models explain error rates and reaction time distributions in a variety of tasks and are supported by neurophysiological studies showing that neural activity in several cortical and subcortical regions gradually builds up at a rate related to task difficulty and reaches a relatively constant level of discharge at a time that predicts movement initiation. The mechanism responsible for this buildup is believed to be related to the temporal integration of sequential samples of sensory information. However, an alternative mechanism that may explain the neural and behavioral data is one in which the buildup of activity is instead attributable to a growing signal related to the urgency to respond, which multiplicatively modulates updated estimates of sensory evidence. These models are difficult to distinguish when, as in previous studies, subjects are presented with constant sensory evidence throughout each trial. To distinguish the models, we presented human subjects with a task in which evidence changed over the course of each trial. Our results are more consistent with "urgency gating" than with temporal integration of sensory samples and suggest a simple mechanism for implementing trade-offs between the speed and accuracy of decisions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions in Changing Conditions: The Urgency-Gating Model

Cisek¹,

Puskas²,

El-Murr³

2009

J. Neurosci.

442

714

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the issue of laterality of function has yet to be resolved. Several neuroimaging studies utilizing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), or Event-Related Potential (ERP) have suggested a preferential involvement of the right frontal cortex (Brunia et al 2000;Maquet et al 1996;Lewis & Miall, 2006b) while other studies suggest the involvement of the left frontal cortex (Jech et al 2005;Hinton & Meck, 2004;Kawashima et al 2000;Rubia et al 1998;Harrington et al 2004). Still other accounts suggest that both hemispheres are necessary for accurate temporal processing (Monfort, Pouthas & Ragot 2000;Livesey, et al 2007;Coull et al 2000;Macar et al 2002;Schubotz et al 2000;Rao et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of temporal processing in a subject with probable frontotemporal dementia

Wiener

Coslett

2008

Neuropsychologia

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Previous research suggests that the frontal lobes are essential for temporal processing. We report a patient, MN, with probable Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) who was tested on a battery of timing tasks with stimuli in the sub-and supra-second range. MN demonstrated a substantial over-estimation and under-production of target intervals on estimation and production tasks respectively but was as accurate as controls on a reproduction task. Furthermore, this deficit was markedly different for auditory and visual stimuli on production and estimation tasks; estimates of the duration of auditory stimuli were 3-4 times longer than for comparable visual stimuli. She performed normally on a task requiring her to judge whether a stimulus was longer or shorter than a standard duration with both sub-and supra-second stimuli. She performed well on control tasks involving estimation, production and reproduction of line lengths suggesting that her deficits were not attributable to a generalized cognitive impairment or an inability to make magnitude judgments. These data suggest that bifrontal pathology disrupts the "clock" or memory for time.

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“…47,48 The TRT consists of two phases: encoding and reproduction. During the encoding phase participants must retain the duration of a visual stimulus (red cross), which is followed by a 5-s inter-stimulus interval (gray cross).…”

Section: Time Reproduction Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence

Ashare

Kable

2015

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: Nicotine withdrawal leads to impulsive decision-making, which reflects a preference for smaller, immediate rewards and often prompts a relapse to smoking. The mechanism by which nicotine withdrawal leads to impulsive decision-making is not well known. An essential dimension of decision-making is time perception. Impulsive decisions reflect intolerance of temporal delays and the perception that time is passing more slowly. Sex may be an important factor in impulsive decision-making and time perception, but no studies have investigated whether sex moderates the effects of nicotine withdrawal on impulsive decision-making and time perception. Methods: Thirty-three (12 female) adult smokers completed 2 laboratory sessions: following 24-hr abstinence and once smoking-as-usual (order counterbalanced, abstinence biochemically verified). Participants completed 2 time perception tasks, a decision-making task, and self-report measures of craving, withdrawal, and mood. Results: During time reproduction, males overestimated time during abstinence compared to smoking, whereas there was no session effect for females. On the time discrimination task, smokers were less accurate during abstinence, and this effect tended to be stronger among females. In general, males had higher discounting rates compared with females, but there was no effect of abstinence. Conclusions: The current data suggest that the effect of abstinence on time perception may be stronger in males and that males generally exhibit steeper delay discounting rates. Time perception may be an important mechanism in smoking abstinence. Our future work will investigate the role of time perception in smoking relapse and whether this is moderated by sex.

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Cumulative blood oxygenation-level-dependent signal changes support the ‘time accumulator’ hypothesis

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Decisions in Changing Conditions: The Urgency-Gating Model

Decisions in Changing Conditions: The Urgency-Gating Model

Disruption of temporal processing in a subject with probable frontotemporal dementia

Sex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence

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