“…Lipmann equation gives the electric charge per unit area of the interface [1,2]: a7I aIVT,P,ui /u -0S where y is the interfacial tension, V is the applied voltage, a is the charge on unit area of the interface, T is the temperature, p is the external pressure and t j I is the chemical potential of the combination of species I, whose net charge is 0. Here, 0(0) is the contact angle without externally applied electrical potential, 0(V) is the contact angle under the electrical potential of V, E is the electric permittivity of the dielectric layer beneath the droplet, Ylg is the interfacial tension between liquid droplet and surrounding gas, and d is the thickness of dielectric layer.…”