Culturing of Mealybugs

Mani, M.; Shivaraju, C.

doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2_7

Cited by 19 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is now well-documented that mealybugs are a primary vector of GLRaV-3 [ 28 , 98 ] and GVA [ 23 ] ( Table 2 ); hence, mealybug control is of vital importance in any management strategy of viruses in vineyards. Mealybug control in vineyards has been effective using insecticides based on buprofezin or organophosphate chemistries early in the growing season, prior to flowering [ 99 , 100 ]. Removal of bark (bark stripping) prior to the application of sprays will increase the efficacy of contact insecticides due to better penetration into the bark where mealybugs often overwinter.…”

Section: Management Of Shiraz Disease and Grapevine Leafroll Diseamentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease

Habili

Constable

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Grapevine viruses are found throughout the viticultural world and have detrimental effects on vine productivity and grape and wine quality. This report provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review on grapevine viruses in Australia with a focus on “Shiraz Disease” (SD) and its two major associated viruses, grapevine virus A (GVA) and grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). Sensitive grapevine cultivars like Shiraz infected with GVA alone or with a co-infection of a leafroll virus, primarily GLRaV-3, show symptoms of SD leading to significant yield and quality reductions in Australia and in South Africa. Symptom descriptors for SD will be outlined and a phylogenetic tree will be presented indicating the SD-associated isolates of GVA in both countries belong to the same clade. Virus transmission, which occurs through infected propagation material, grafting, and naturally vectored by mealybugs and scale insects, will be discussed. Laboratory and field-based indexing will also be discussed along with management strategies including rogueing and replanting certified stock that decrease the incidence and spread of SD. Finally, we present several cases of SD incidence in South Australian vineyards and their effects on vine productivity. We conclude by offering strategies for virus detection and management that can be adopted by viticulturists. Novel technologies such as high throughput sequencing and remote sensing for virus detection will be outlined.

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Section: Management Of Shiraz Disease and Grapevine Leafroll Diseamentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease

Habili

Constable

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…The possibility of entry for C. pini from surrounding environment to nursery relies on the crawler dispersal capacity through air currents, human, animal and ant assisted spread (Mani and Shivaraju, 2016). As stated in Dossier Section 4.0, the bonsai cultivation site is protected by a 40-mesh insect-proof net (0.4 mm), which is wider than the body width of crawlers.…”

Section: A521 Possibility Of Entry From the Surrounding Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crawlers mature to adults in 3 or more weeks, depending on temperature. Females usually die right after laying eggs (Mani and Shivaraju, 2016).…”

Section: Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants from China consisting of Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver a scientific opinion on the risk posed by bonsai plants from China consisting of Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by China. All pests associated with P. parviflora and/or P. thunbergii were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this Scientific Opinion. Forty‐three pests that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For 24 pests that are not quarantine in the EU, the risk mitigation measures described in the technical dossier from China were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. While the estimated degree of pest freedom varied among pests, Setoptus parviflorae was the pest most frequently expected on the commodity. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that 9,114 or more bonsai plants per 10,000 will be free from Setoptus parviflorae. For 19 pests that are quarantine in the EU, the implementation of specific measures defined in point 30 and 31 of Annex VII of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 was evaluated. The requirements of point 31 are met, whereas those of point 30 are not completely fulfilled.

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“…Invasive mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are soft-bodied scale insects that are widely distributed throughout the world [ 1 , 2 ]. Based on the systematic catalog compiled by Ben-Dov [ 3 ], 1981 species in 290 genera have been described worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antennal sensory structures of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

El-Ghany

Zhou²,

Dewer

2022

Front Zool

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Background The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is one of the most devastating sap-sucking pests of cultivated plants. The success of P. solenopsis is attributable to its ecological resilience and insecticide resistance, making its control extremely difficult and expensive. Thus, alternative safe approaches are needed to prevent the pest population from reaching the economic threshold. One of these novel approaches is based on the fact that chemical communication via the olfactory system drives critical behaviors required for the survival and development of the species. This knowledge can be useful for controlling insect pests using traps based on semiochemicals. The antennae of insects are an invaluable model for studying the fundamentals of odor perception. Several efforts have been made to investigate the histological and ultrastructural organization of the olfactory organs, such as the antennae and maxillary palps, in many insect species. However, studies on the antennal sensory structures of Phenacoccus species are lacking. Furthermore, although enormous progress has been made in understanding the antennal structures of many mealybug species, the olfactory sensilla in the antennae of P. solenopsis have not yet been described. In this study, we describe, for the first time, the morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla in male and female P. solenopsis using scanning electron microscopy. Results Our results revealed that the entire antennae length and the number of flagellar segments were different between the sexes. Eight morphological types of sensilla were identified on male antennae: trichoid sensilla, chaetic sensilla (three subtypes), basiconic sensilla (two subtypes), and campaniform sensilla (two subtypes). Six morphological types of sensilla were found on female antennae. Sensilla chaetica of subtype 2 and campaniform sensilla of subtype 1 were distributed only on male antennae, suggesting that these sensilla are involved in the recognition of female sex pheromones. The subtype 1 of sensilla chaetica was significantly more abundant on female antennae than on male ones, while subtype 3 was only located on the terminal flagellar segment of the antenna in both sexes. Conclusions This study provides insightful information for future electrophysiological and behavioral studies on chemical communication in insects, particularly the cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis that could help in developing new strategies for controlling this economically important insect species.

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Culturing of Mealybugs

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease

Virus Pathogens in Australian Vineyards with an Emphasis on Shiraz Disease

Commodity risk assessment of bonsai plants from China consisting of Pinus parviflora grafted on Pinus thunbergii

Antennal sensory structures of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

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