Cultured rat cortical astrocytes synthesize melatonin: absence of a diurnal rhythm

Liu, Ya‐Jing; Zhuang, Jun; Zhu, Hongyan; Shen, Yujun; Tan, Zhonglin; Zhou, Jiang‐Ning

doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00466.x

Cited by 67 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Pinealocytes, astrocytes, and microglia are the main cells of the gland [79,80,81]. The expression of AANAT gene has been identified in astrocytes, and both astrocytes and microglia were reported to synthesize melatonin [82,83]. It is presumed that the major portion of melatonin released from the pineal gland to circulation is produced by the pinealocytes.…”

Section: Mitochondria: the Major Sites For Melatonin Synthesis Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics

Tan

Manchester

Qin

et al. 2016

IJMS

318

256

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Melatonin has been speculated to be mainly synthesized by mitochondria. This speculation is supported by the recent discovery that aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase/serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT/SNAT) is localized in mitochondria of oocytes and the isolated mitochondria generate melatonin. We have also speculated that melatonin is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. It accumulates in mitochondria with high concentration against a concentration gradient. This is probably achieved by an active transportation via mitochondrial melatonin transporter(s). Melatonin protects mitochondria by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), and activating uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Thus, melatonin maintains the optimal mitochondrial membrane potential and preserves mitochondrial functions. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics is also regulated by melatonin. In most cases, melatonin reduces mitochondrial fission and elevates their fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics exhibit an oscillatory pattern which matches the melatonin circadian secretory rhythm in pinealeocytes and probably in other cells. Recently, melatonin has been found to promote mitophagy and improve homeostasis of mitochondria.

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Section: Mitochondria: the Major Sites For Melatonin Synthesis Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics

Tan

Manchester

Qin

et al. 2016

IJMS

318

256

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show abstract

“…In the case of Mexican population, some clinical reports indicate the presence of 500,000-700,000 individuals with dementia, among whom 25% have not been diagnosed. In Mexico City, the prevalence of dementias is 4.7%, while the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is approximately 5% in persons aged Lozano y Amaro, 1998) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation of Dendrogenesis and Neural Maturation in Adult Mammals

et al. 2016

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This work is the result of a technical research patent on dendritogenesis and neuronal maturation, in which the existence was determined of patent documents involving the use of melatonin for the treatment of anxiety, obesity and related diseases of the peripheral and CNS. In this study, an analysis of the state of the art in order to collect technical and scientific elements for the drafting of a new patent on the use of the melatonin molecule in stimulating neuronal maturation in dendritogenesis and mammals was conducted in adults. This study is based on an invention related with this novel use of melatonin.

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“…Future studies on melatonin (1) in the brain have to consider that the methoxyindole is not necessarily produced by neurons. Cultured cortical astrocytes from neonatal rats were shown to synthesize melatonin (1) at rates attaining about one third of those of pinealocytes under same conditions [54]. Melatonin (1) formation was also demonstrated in C6 rat glioma cells [54,55].…”

Section: Synthesis Of N-acetylserotonin and Melatonin In The Central mentioning

confidence: 96%

Melatonin and Synthetic Melatonergic Agonists: Actions and Metabolism in the Central Nervous System

Hardeland¹,

Pöeggeler²

2012

CNSAMC

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The CNS is both source and target of melatonin. This methoxyindole formed in the pineal gland is also produced in other CNS regions and additionally enters the brain by uptake from the circulation as well as via the pineal recess. The mammalian circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), not only controls the pineal, but also receives a feedback information on darkness. Two G protein-coupled melatonin receptors, MT1 and MT2, are responsible for the transduction of many melatonergic actions. High receptor densities are especially found in the SCN, but their presence at lower expression levels in other areas is functionally important. Various metabolites and analogs are formed in the CNS, such as N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-methoxylated kynuramines, and even 6-sulfatoxymelatonin. The chronobiological effects of melatonin go beyond the resetting of a single circadian oscillator. They contribute to phase relationships between oscillatory subsets and are required for robust rhythm amplitudes. CNS effects of melatonin comprise sleep initiation, antiexcitatory, antiepileptic, antinociceptive, anxiolytic, proneurotrophic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other neuroprotective actions. The role as a sleep-promoting compound, which is limited by its short half-life in the circulation, has led to the development of controlled-release formulations and of various synthetic agonists, such as ramelteon, agomelatine, tasimelteon, TIK-301, UCM765 and UCM924. Their differences concerning receptor affinities, preferences for receptor subtypes, and pharmacokinetics are discussed, as well as additional antidepressive actions of agomelatine and TIK-301 based on properties as antagonists of the serotonergic 5-HT2C receptor. Indirect antidepressive effects by melatonergic drugs are largely explained by circadian readjustments.

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Cultured rat cortical astrocytes synthesize melatonin: absence of a diurnal rhythm

Cited by 67 publications

References 50 publications

Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics

Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics

Stimulation of Dendrogenesis and Neural Maturation in Adult Mammals

Melatonin and Synthetic Melatonergic Agonists: Actions and Metabolism in the Central Nervous System

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