“…When theorizing methods of applied ethnomusicology, it is essential to keep in mind that ethnomusicologists, their collaborators, and practitioners "applying" music will make particular evaluations of the terms on which any interventions will be based, and that these evaluations are epistemologically informed by the points of the view of the social actors, which may in turn be infl uenced by the possible positions and priorities of funders and employers. Diff erent types of situations that present opportunity for evaluation-for example, decolonization (Newsome 2008), racial marginalization (Lomax Hawes 1992), musical sustainability (Impey 2002;Titon 2009), holistic education in "world musics" (Ramnarine 2008), and confl ict (O'Connell and Castelo-Branco 2010)-will bring together distinctive collections of social, political, and cultural values that apply in specifi c ways in each instance (possibly diversely in diff erent locations and deeply divergent sociopolitical realities) but can go far beyond the scope of this article to address any of the complex elements that make up contemporary life. 3 In applied ethnomusicology, scholars may choose to use critical awarenesses of epistemology and epistemological diff erence as analytical tools.…”