Culture characterization of the skin microbiome in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A focus on the role of innate immunity

Jagadeesh, Akshay T.; Prakash, Peralam Yegneswaran; Rao, Nageshwara; Ramya, V.

doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.09.007

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It is well known that the skin functions as a physical barrier against invasion by pathogenic organisms and foreign materials and regulates body temperature and fluid balance. It is also known that the communities of bacteria colonizing the skin modulate inflammatory responses in skin wounds, and therefore, would critically affect innate immune function in the stoma . One might argue that some beneficial microorganisms function not only as a competitive or biological barrier to invading pathogens, but could also beneficially modulate local inflammatory responses, protecting the stomal site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Beck

Grogan

Bennett

et al. 2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Percutaneous osseointegrated (OI) prostheses (POPs) are used to skeletally attach artificial limbs in amputees. While any permanent percutaneous interface is at risk of becoming infected by the resident microbiota colonizing the stoma, most of these patients remain infection-free. Avoidance of infection likely depends upon a mechanically and/or biologically stable skin-to-implant interface. The ultimate question remains, "why do some stomata become infected while others do not?" The answer might be found in the dynamic bacterial communities of the patient and within the stomal site itself. This study is an appendix to the first Food and Drug Administration approved prospective early feasibility study of OI prosthetic docking, in which, 10 transfemoral amputees were implanted with a unique POP device. In this analytical, longitudinal cohort study, each patient's skin and stomal microbiota were analyzed from the initial surgery to 1 year following the second-stage surgery. During each follow-up visit, three swab samples-stomal, device thigh skin and contralateral thigh skin-were obtained. DNA was extracted, and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were amplified and sequenced to profile microbial communities. The stomal microbiota were distinct from the microbiota on the adjacent thigh skin and the skin of the contralateral thigh, with a significantly increased abundance of Staphylococcus aureus within the stoma. Early on stomal microbiota were characterized by high diversity and high relative abundance of obligate anaerobes. Over time, the stomal microbiota shifted and stabilized in communities of lower diversity dominated by Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and/or Staphylococcus spp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Beck

Grogan

Bennett

et al. 2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…Moreover, keratinocytes also play a critical role in cutaneous innate immunity through the production of various antimicrobial peptides, having a crucial role in the defense response of skin against microbial infections [6]. Innate immunity is the first-line defense in the human body that provides non-specific defense response at all of the anatomical barriers, including the skin, and maintains a dynamic interaction with various microbes [39,40]. Patients with T2D are susceptible to infections, and the proposed mechanism is the dysregulated homeostasis of the T cell immunity with decreased innate T cells, contributing to tissue inflammation [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deduction of Novel Genes Potentially Involved in Keratinocytes of Type 2 Diabetes Using Next-Generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Approaches

Lin

Chang

Chen

et al. 2019

JCM

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Keratinocytes constitute the major cell type of epidermis, which participates in re-epithelialization during wound repair and the immune defense response to pathogens. The aim of the current study was to explore the differentially expressed genes and novel microRNA (miRNA) regulations that are potentially involved in diabetic keratinocytes through next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics approaches. A total of 420 differentially expressed genes between normal and diabetic keratinocytes were identified, and systematic bioinformatics analyses indicated that these differentially expressed genes were functionally enriched in interferon-alpha signaling, viral defense response, and immune response. Additionally, the potential miR-340-3p-DTX3L interaction that has been systematically validated in miRNA prediction databases was proposed to participate in the disrupted skin homeostasis, altering the defense and immune response of diabetic skin. The findings may provide new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of epidermal pathologies in diabetic patients and targeting novel molecules to advance diabetic skin care in clinical practice.

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“…Thimmappaiah et al have shown that the cutaneous microbiome is altered among patients with T2DM. Especially dominant is Staphylococcus epidermidis, which increases the susceptibility of patients to skin and soft tissue infections (226). Javid et al have shown that hyperglycemia in diabetic mice makes them more (199,201) CD8 + Tcells Mycobacterium tuberculosis (203,213) susceptible to the causative pathogen of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi (216).…”

Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System

et al. 2020

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Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions. Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM. Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro-and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system. They also promote the gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and fatty liver disease. The impaired immune system together with metabolic imbalance also increases the susceptibility of patients to several pathogenic agents such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, the need for a proper immunization protocol among such patients is granted. The focus of the current review is to explore metabolic and immunological abnormalities affecting several organs of T2DM patients and explain the mechanisms, whereby diabetic patients become more susceptible to infectious diseases.

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Culture characterization of the skin microbiome in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A focus on the role of innate immunity

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study

Deduction of Novel Genes Potentially Involved in Keratinocytes of Type 2 Diabetes Using Next-Generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Approaches

The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System

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