Culture and the prevalence of hallucinations in schizophrenia

Bauer, Susanne M.; Schanda, Hans; Karakuła, Hanna; Olajossy-Hilkesberger, Luiza; Rudalevičienė, Palmira; Okribelashvili, Nino; Chaudhry, Haroon Rashid; Idemudia, Erhabor Sunday; Gscheider, Sharon; Ritter, Kristina; Stompe, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.06.008

Cited by 181 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In one study of 1,080 patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia in 7 countries, the highest 1-year prevalence rates of auditory and visual hallucinations were identified among West African participants (e.g., 90.8% in Ghana, 85.4% in Nigeria, 53.9% in Ghana, and 50.8% in Nigeria, respectively) [9]. The lowest 1-year prevalence rate for auditory hallucinations in this sample was found in Austria (66.9%), and for visual hallucinations in Pakistan (3.9%) [9]. Hallucinations and delusions may even vary regionally within the same country, suggesting that cultural effects may not necessarily be delineated by geopolitical boundaries [10].…”

Section: Culture and Positive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Update: Schizophrenia Across Cultures

Myers

2011

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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The incidence of schizophrenia, as well as the symptoms, course, and outcomes for people so diagnosed seem to vary across some cultural contexts. The mechanisms by which cultural variations may protect one from or increase one's risk of developing schizophrenia remain unclear. Recent findings from transdisciplinary cross-cultural research, indicate ways that we may better understand how socioenvironmental and cultural variables interact with physiologic pathways relating psychosocial stress and psychotic symptoms, epigenetic changes, and people's use of culturally available tools to mitigate stress, in ways that may inform relevant, effective interventions for people diagnosed with psychotic disorders worldwide.

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Section: Culture and Positive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Update: Schizophrenia Across Cultures

Myers

2011

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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“…The expression of psychosis may vary with cultural background (Adebimpe et al, 1981, Arnold et al, 2004, 8 Barrio et al, 2003, Bauer et al, 2011, Chang et al, 2011, Chu et al, 1985, Littlewood and Lipsedge, 1981, 9 Maslowski et al, 1998, Radhakrishnan et al, 1983, Suhail and Cochrane, 2002, Thomas et al, 2007, Weisman 10 et al, 2000, Yamada et al, 2006. There may be cultural differences in the content of psychotic symptoms 11 (Maslowski et al, 1998, Viswanath and Chaturvedi, 2012, Weisman et al, 2000, Yamada et al, 2006 and/or 12 in the language with which these symptoms are expressed (Kleinman, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigating ethnic variations in reporting of psychotic symptoms: a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis of the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire

2018

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BackgroundEpidemiological evidence suggests risk for psychosis varies with ethnicity in Western countries. However, there is little evidence to date on the cross-cultural validity of screening instruments used for such comparisons.MethodsCombining two existing UK population-based cohorts, we examined risk for reporting psychotic symptoms across White British (n = 3467), White Irish (n = 851), Caribbean (n = 1899), Indian (n = 2590), Pakistani (n = 1956) and Bangladeshi groups (n = 1248). We assessed the psychometric properties of the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ) with a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis, assessing the equivalence of factor loadings, response thresholds and residual variances in an analysis of measurement non-invariance.ResultsCompared with prevalence among British Whites (5.4%), the prevalence of self-reported psychotic symptoms was greater in the Caribbean group (12.7%, adjusted OR = 2.38 [95% CI 1.84–3.07]). Prevalence was also increased among Pakistani individuals (8.3%, adjusted OR = 1.36 [1.01–1.84]) although this difference was driven by a greater likelihood of reporting paranoid symptoms. PSQ items for thought interference, strange experience and hallucination were measured in equivalent ways across ethnic groups. However, our measurement models suggested that paranoid symptoms were measured less reliably among ethnic minorities than among British Whites and appeared to exaggerate latent differences between Pakistani and White British groups when measurement non-invariance was not accounted for.ConclusionsNotwithstanding evidence for measurement non-invariance, the greater risk for reporting psychotic symptoms among Caribbean individuals is unlikely to be an artefact of measurement. Greater residual variance in the recording of paranoid symptoms among ethnic minority respondents warrants caution in using this item to investigate ethnic variation in psychosis risk.

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“…Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality, but are most often experienced in the auditory and visual modalities, and are associated with a range of disorders . Hallucinations are most often noted in individuals with schizophrenia (Bauer et al, 2011;Waters et al, 2012); 16-72% of schizophrenic patients reporting regular visual hallucinations, and 50-70% reporting regular auditory hallucinations (Bauer et al, 2011;Mueser, Bellack, & Brady, 1990). However, atleast one hallucinatory experience has been noted by up to 70% of the nonclinical population (Barrett & Etheridge, 1992;Pechey & Halligan, 2012;Posey & Losch, 1983;Slade & Bentall, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Mindfulness training and false perception in individuals with high unusual experiences

Reed

Carey

Evans

et al. 2016

Personality and Individual Differences

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The present study explored the impact of mindfulness training on the relationship between false perceptions (hallucinations) and high levels of unusual experiences. 130 participants completed the O-LIFE(B) scale and a visual-detection task in which they had to identify fast-moving words in a visual display. Each participant completed a version of the visual-detection task twice, once after a 10 min mindfulness induction session, and once after a 10 min unfocused attention control session. Participants scoring high on the unusual experiences subscale of the O-LIFE reported seeing more words that were not there than those scoring low on this scale. However, this difference between high and low unusual experience scorers was not pronounced or statistically significant in the mindfulness condition. These data suggest that mindfulness can reduce the number of hallucination-like experiences in individuals with high levels of self-reported schizotypy.

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Culture and the prevalence of hallucinations in schizophrenia

Cited by 181 publications

References 27 publications

Update: Schizophrenia Across Cultures

Update: Schizophrenia Across Cultures

Investigating ethnic variations in reporting of psychotic symptoms: a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis of the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire

Mindfulness training and false perception in individuals with high unusual experiences

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