Cultural value orientations of the former communist countries: a gender-based analysis

A comparative analysis of cultural value orientations of Polish and Turkish employees: implications for international human resource management

“…Budhwar, 2012;Adler and Gunderson, 2008). It is expected therefore that such demographic groups may be more likely to demonstrate an overlap of cultural values, with similar demographic groups of other nations (e.g., Woldu and Budhwar, 2011). For example, the growth of expatriate positions and assignments reflects the increasing dominance of large multinational firms and trends for greater outsourcing of functions.…”

“…The second phase of our study thus explores cultural values within the different demographic groups that past empirical research suggests that may be the key agent of crosscultural convergence (Adler and Gunderson, 2008;Woldu et al, 2011;Trompennars, 1994).…”

“…In short, extant research indicates that the younger, more highly educated male, professional and managerial demographic groups of a nation-state tend to be the most geographically mobile and thus most likely to be exposed to different societal cultural values (e.g., Woldu and Budhwar, 2011;Carbaugh, 2009;Ball et al, 2008). Indeed, prior research has also shown that the more educated, managerial and younger members of nations reported significantly lower mean scores (than the older, non-educated and non-professional and managerial groups) on the Kluckholn and Strodtbeck's cultural traits of collectivism, subjugation and hierarchy (Woldu et al, 2006).…”

“…Likewise, as more capital and technologies are crossing borders, the most educated and skilled labor is migrating to various prosperous regions of the world (Woldu and Budhwar, 2011;Hill, 2010;Hoecklin, 1995, Emrich, Denmark, & Hartog, 2004. Both Poland and Turkey are known for having a higher percentage of their young generation living and working in more advanced Western countries (Benhabib and Isiksel, 2006).…”

“…Recent research indicates that younger, more highly educated, and/or professional/managerial individuals tend to be more mobile and thus more likely to study/work abroad (e.g., Budhwar et al, 2008). Such mobility and work opportunities suggest that these demographic groups may be more exposed to non-home country values and practices and thus perhaps be more likely to exhibit a greater cultural closeness (e.g., Woldu and Budhwar, 2011;Adler and Gunderson, 2008). We therefore also explore the evidence of potential cultural convergence among sub-demographic groups within and between the two countries, in particular focusing on age, gender, educational level, and the managerial/professional cadre.…”