Cultural transmission and the evolution of gender roles

Hiller, Victor; Baudin, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2016.08.002

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In summary, this study has shown that gender roles, as rule-makers and behavioral conditioners (Eagly, 1987;Hiller & Baudin, 2016;Ogletree, Fancher, & Gill, 2014), continue to exert a strong influence on the work-family interface and on the emphasis that is placed on each of the spheres (Greenhaus et al, 2012;Powell & Mainiero, 1992). The women continue to assume the roles of mothers/wives, although they now have to factor them into the role of working women, with whom they also identify (Meyerson & Scully, 2003).…”

Section: Limitations and Future Research Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 74%

Work-oriented men and women: Similar levels of work-family conflict and guilt yet different coping strategies

Sousa¹,

Kuschel²,

Brito³

et al. 2018

Psychol. Thought

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b] Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. AbstractBalancing family and professional roles has become one of the challenges of the twenty-first century. This exploratory study aims to analyse the guilt, losses, aspirations and difficulties associated with work-family interaction and the career centrality of men and women, as well as their strategies to cope with work-family conflict. Using questionnaire and interview data of 73 Portuguese participants (41 men and 32 women), we showed that the women experienced the most guilt and loss and greater difficulties in balancing family and professional life. Yet contrary to the literature, the women in this sample assigned great importance to their career (even higher than men), but they felt that their potential for success at work was constrained due to the family demands. Prioritizing family over work gives work-centered women a sense of sacrifice, loss and guilt.

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Section: Limitations and Future Research Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 74%

Work-oriented men and women: Similar levels of work-family conflict and guilt yet different coping strategies

Sousa¹,

Kuschel²,

Brito³

et al. 2018

Psychol. Thought

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“…On the other hand, the participants recognized that Cuenca-Ecuador society is machista as other Latin American cultures (Crooks & Baur, 2009;Shibley & DeLamater, 2006;Sequeira, 2009). They considered that gender stereotypes are transmitted by family and society (Berglund et al 1997;Conrad, 2011;Crooks & Baur, 2009;González, 1999;Kinsman et al, 2000;Thianthai, 2004;Tangmunkongvorakul & Kane, 2005;Garduño et al, 2015;Hiller & Baudin 2016). What is remarkable is that they stated that women, especially mothers, are predominantly responsible for transferring these gender stereotypes to children, as well as tolerating this behavior; hence, eradication of machismo should start at home.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another impact is that gender stereotypes or beliefs, and expectations and opinions about gender all influenced the perception we have about others and about ourselves within a couple (Crooks & Baur, 2009). That is, studies have confirmed the influence of adolescent socialization processes on sex behaviors and beliefs (Berglund et al, 1997;Kinsman et al, 2000;Thianthai, 2004;Tangmunkongvorakul & Kane, 2005;Garduño et al, 2015;Hiller & Baudin, 2016). For instance, inside the Latin American family, male and female roles are learned through socialization (Mayo, 1997;Salyers, 1998;Baldwin & DeSouza, 2001;Raffaelli & Ontai, 2001/2004Barker et al, 2010;Lamas, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Perception of gender stereotypes, machismo and marianismo in Ecuadorian adolescents: A focus group study

Pinos-Vélez¹,

Pinos²,

Baitar³

et al. 2016

MSKN

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Recent studies increasingly demonstrated that gender differences are linked with macro-cultural factors. The stereotypes in Latin America that shape gender roles are machismo and marianismo. In contrast, with the ample publications on the importance of machismo, empirical research on machismo and certainly marianismo is still in its infancy despite both being well known concepts. To this end, the present study explores how Ecuadorian adolescents from Cuenca experience, and make sense of, gender stereotypes. Twelve focus groups were carried out, involving 127 male and female adolescents. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four categories related to machismo emerged: cognition regarding machismo, manifestations of machismo, adolescents' expectations by gender, and advantages of traditional norms. The results showed that participants know about machismo and stated that gender stereotypes are transmitted to adolescents by parents and society in general to the next generations. Our participants blame gender stereotypes for the inequality in the society, but at the same time, their intervention showed that they absorbed these stereotypes in their belief system. Keywords: Machismo, marianismo, gender stereotype, double standard, adolescents. RESUMENDiferentes estudios han demostrado que las diferencias de género están vinculadas con los factores macro-culturales. Los estereotipos que dan forma a los roles de género en América Latina son el machismo y el marianismo. A pesar de que ambos conceptos son extensamente conocidos, en contraste con la gran cantidad de publicaciones teóricas sobre la importancia del machismo, las investigaciones prácticas sobre el machismo y el marianismo están en su infancia. El presente estudio explora cómo los adolescentes cuencanos experimentan y dan sentido a los estereotipos de género. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo doce grupos focales, con la participación de 127 adolescentes de ambos sexos. Los datos fueron analizados a través de un Análisis Temático. Dentro del análisis surgieron cuatro categorías relacionadas con el machismo: la cognición en relación con el machismo, las manifestaciones de machismo, las expectativas de género de los adolescentes por sexo y las ventajas de las normas tradicionales. Los resultados demostraron que los participantes conocen sobre el machismo e indicaron que los estereotipos de género son transmitidos a las nuevas generaciones a través de los padres y la sociedad en general. Los participantes responsabilizaron a estos estereotipos por la desigualdad entre géneros en nuestra sociedad; pese a esto, a través de sus intervenciones se evidenció que han absorbido e internalizado estos estereotipos en su sistema de creencias. En consecuencia, es necesario trabajar con ellos a través de programas que tengan como objetivo el alcanzar la igualdad de género. Palabras clave: El machismo, el marianismo, estereotipo de género, doble estándar, adolescentes.

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“… Hiller (2014). andHiller and Baudin (2016) propose alternative mechanisms based on the cultural transmission of inegalitarian gender norms and preferences.…”

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confidence: 99%

Endogenous gender power: The two facets of empowerment

Hiller

Touré

2021

Journal of Development Economics

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A large body of evidence suggests that women's empowerment, both within the household and in politics, benefits to children and has the potential to promote economic development.Nevertheless, the existing interactions between these two facets of empowerment have not been considered thus far. The aim of the present paper is to fill this gap by proposing a theoretical framework in which women's bargaining power within both the private sphere and the public sphere is endogenous. We show that the mutual interplay between the evolution of women's voice in the family and in society may lead to the emergence of multiple equilibria and pathdependency phenomena. We also discuss policy interventions that are the most suitable to promote women's empowerment when its multidimensional nature is taken into account.

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Cultural transmission and the evolution of gender roles

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Work-oriented men and women: Similar levels of work-family conflict and guilt yet different coping strategies

Work-oriented men and women: Similar levels of work-family conflict and guilt yet different coping strategies

Perception of gender stereotypes, machismo and marianismo in Ecuadorian adolescents: A focus group study

Endogenous gender power: The two facets of empowerment

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