This dissertation is dedicated to the three people who inspired it. The first is my son, Rob. When he was 3 or 4 years old and found out that his best friend's father had a Ph.D., he turned to me and said, "You should get one of those." He still makes me laugh and shake my head nearly every day. Second, is my daughter, Erin, who forged a trail before me, managing to get her Ph.D. while also getting married, moving three times, working full-time, and staying awake part of every night with a colicky infant. She set a standard for persistence that is daunting and inspiring at the same time. And finally, I dedicate this work to Jeff Peterson, chair of my department at St. Bonaventure University, who stopped outside my classroom one day and said, "I have an idea. How would you like to get a doctorate? It would really help me out with my PQ/AQ numbers." Thank you Jeff, I wish you were still with us. I miss you. Finally, I wish my parents were alive to see this document. They would have been very proud. iv Table of Contents List of Tables .