Cultural Heritage Monitoring by Low-Cost GNSS Receivers: A Feasibility Study for San Gaudenzio’s Cupola, Novara

Barzaghi, Riccardo; Reguzzoni, Mirko; Gaetani, Carlo Iapige De; Caldera, Stefano; Rossi, Lorenzo

doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-209-2019

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In a few studies, low-cost GNSS receivers have been used for monitoring natural hazards [23,24], engineering structures [25][26][27][28][29], and even crustal deformation studies [30]. Notti et al [24] conducted continuous monitoring of the slope which causes deformations in the Madonna del Sasso Sanctuary in Italy using low-cost GNSS devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher uncertainties were obtained in RTK, remaining below 10 mm for both components. In the case of [28], low-cost GNSS instruments (LEA-6T receiver, Tallysman TW3742, and Tallysman 3740 antennas) were used to estimate the movements of an ancient structure (San Gaudenzio's Cupola, Italy) for more than one year. Movements of 2 cm in the vertical direction (during summer) were detected, followed by horizontal movements of less than 0.5 cm due to temperature variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cost-Effective GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Landslides

et al. 2023

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The development of low-cost dual-frequency global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers in recent years has enabled the use of these devices in numerous applications. In the monitoring of natural hazards, such as landslides, these devices can be considered suitable sensors. In this work, dual-frequency GNSS receivers and antennas were used for setting up near-real-time continuous low-cost GNSS monitoring systems (LGMSs) under field conditions. The SimpleRTK2B board, which integrates the u-blox ZED-F9P dual-frequency GNSS chip and the survey-calibrated GNSS antenna are the main components of the GNSS system. The LGMS was installed and tested for six months in the Laze landslide located in the northwestern part of Slovenia. A total of four GNSS systems were deployed, three of which were located in pillars in the landslide itself and one in a stable area. Open-source software was used to postprocess the acquired data, providing daily coordinates in static relative and precise point positioning (PPP) positioning modes. The results of six months of near-real-time monitoring showed that the Laze landslide was stable during this period, with only minor changes in the vertical component. The trend of decreasing ellipsoid height was evident at all stations, although it was in the range of a few millimeters. To validate the results in static relative positioning mode, the coordinate differences between low-cost and high-end geodetic GNSS instruments were estimated and found to be in the range of 5 mm or less, while the difference between horizontal and spatial positions was less than 7 mm for all stations. The same data were processed in PPP, vertical displacements were not detected as in the static relative positioning mode due to the lower accuracy of the method itself. Considering the six-month performance of a low-cost GNSS system under field conditions, it can be emphasized that these devices are capable of performing near real-time continuous monitoring of slow movements with high accuracy and decreased costs. In addition, an experimental test was performed to identify the size of detected displacements in real-time kinematic (RTK). Based on the achieved results, it was concluded that 20 mm spatial displacements are detectable with LGMSs in RTK considering only 15 s of observations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cost-Effective GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Landslides

et al. 2023

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“…Since CR exhibit a nonlinear displacement behaviour, we have interpolated the time series by the cubic splines, assuming that the model residuals are representative of the phase noise. The number of splines (1-3), fitted to the equal temporal subsets, was determined by satisfying the Minimum Description Length criterion [67]. The standard deviations of the model residuals vary between 0.6-0.9 mm for the ascending orbit and between 0.7 mm-1.3 mm for the descending orbit.…”

Section: Insar Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GECORIS: An Open-Source Toolbox for Analyzing Time Series of Corner Reflectors in InSAR Geodesy

2021

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Artificial radar reflectors, such as corner reflectors or transponders, are commonly used for radiometric and geometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor calibration, SAR interferometry (InSAR) applications over areas with few natural coherent scatterers, and InSAR datum connection and geodetic integration. Despite the current abundance of regular SAR time series, no free and open-source software (FOSS) dedicated to analyzing SAR time series of artificial radar reflectors exists. In this paper, we present a FOSS Python toolbox for efficient and automatic estimation of: (i) the clutter level of a particular site before a corner reflector installation, (ii) the Radar Cross Section (RCS) to track a corner reflector’s performance and detect outliers, for example, due to damage or debris accumulation, (iii) the Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR) to predict the positioning precision and the InSAR phase variance, (iv) the InSAR displacement time series of a corner reflector network. We use the toolbox to analyze Sentinel-1 SAR time series of the network of 23 corner reflectors for InSAR monitoring of landslides in Slovakia.

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“…In monitoring natural hazards, geodetic instruments are regarded as expensive and are at risk of being damaged, making their use questionable. As an alternative, low-cost GNSS receivers have attracted special attention recently because of the high positioning accuracy achieved over short baselines [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Multi-frequency receivers are compatible with geodetic and low-cost antennas, and can track satellites from all available satellite constellations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The u-blox LEA-6T GNSS receiver in combination with Tallysman TW3742 and Tallysman TW3740 was used to monitor San Gaudenzio's Cupola in the city of Novara, located in the northwestern part of Italy. Monitoring was carried out for one year, and the results showed that the old structure moved 20 mm in the vertical direction due to temperature changes, while the horizontal movements were smaller, in the range of a few millimeters [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Multi-Frequency GNSS Receivers and Antennas for Displacement Detection

et al. 2021

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Low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are currently used in various engineering applications. These low-cost devices are regarded as suitable sensors for applications in areas with a high risk of instrument damage. The main objectives of this research were to identify the size of displacements that can be detected in relative and absolute positioning modes by low-cost GNSS instruments and to compare the results of selected antennas. Additionally, geodetic and low-cost GNSS instruments were compared in the level of observations. For this study, low-cost SimpleRTK2B V1 boards, which house ZED-F9P GNSS chips, and three low-cost antennas, namely, Survey, Tallysman TW3882, and Survey Calibrated, were selected. While antenna calibration parameters are known for the last antenna, this is not the case for the first two. For testing purposes, a geodetic network consisting of four points was established; horizontal and vertical movements were imposed by a special mechanism with high accuracy. In relative positioning mode, the results indicate that the Survey Calibrated antenna can detect horizontal and vertical displacements with sizes of 4 mm, and 6 mm, respectively. In the detection of horizontal displacements, the performance of the Survey antenna was not as good as that of Tallysman, and the sizes of detected displacements were 6 mm and 4 mm for the first, and second antennas, respectively. Vertical displacements of 9 mm were detected using both Survey and Tallysman antennas. In absolute positioning mode, Survey Calibrated also had better performance than the Tallysman antenna, and spatial displacements of 20 mm or greater were detected by low-cost GNSS instruments. The observations made with low-cost and geodetic GNSS instruments were compared, and the latter showed better performance. However, the differences in cycle slips and the noise of phase observations were inferior. Considering their cost and proven performance, it can be concluded that such sensors can be considered for setting up a highly accurate but low-cost geodetic monitoring system.

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Cultural Heritage Monitoring by Low-Cost GNSS Receivers: A Feasibility Study for San Gaudenzio’s Cupola, Novara

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

A Cost-Effective GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Landslides

A Cost-Effective GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Landslides

GECORIS: An Open-Source Toolbox for Analyzing Time Series of Corner Reflectors in InSAR Geodesy

Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Multi-Frequency GNSS Receivers and Antennas for Displacement Detection

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