Cultural Heritage Management Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Techniques around the Archaeological Area of Ancient Jeddah in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Historic Jeddah is located on the eastern shore of the Red Sea. Historic Jeddah was designated as a UNESCO world heritage site in 2014. The new urban development for the city of Jeddah has resulted in different spatial patterns. The southern part of Jeddah city falls within the moderate zone, because this area is well developed in regard to infrastructure with rainstorm and sewage networks. The middle area of the city falls within high vulnerability risk due to its high population, shallow water depth, flat slopes, and various incomplete network services (i.e., leakage from septic tanks and water pipes). The western and northwestern parts of the city are subject to very high pollution risk, due to the highly permeable area with coralline formation, very shallow water depth, and depressions. Unfortunately, historic Jeddah has been affected by the unplanned development and shallow water depth. Most of the construction and decoration of the ancient buildings are suffering from deterioration. The paper aims to detect the environmental changes, assessing the geo-environmental status, and creating some of the innovative solutions while using the integration between remote sensing and GIS techniques. The combination of SRTM, Corona 1966, Spot 1986, Landsat 1987, Orbview 2003, and Sentinel2A 2017 data will help in monitoring the changes around the study area. The Bands combination and the spatial statistical analysis are considered to be the most effective methods in the examination of the new built-up indices. GIS techniques and some models would be suggested as solutions to protect the archaeological area, according to UNESCO recommendations.

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“…These systems' structuring methodologies are highly debated and continuously advancing topic in scientific research and dedicated tools. This is evidenced by numerous research that has just been concluded or is still in progress [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The use of GISs for CMPs is increasingly frequent even within the Keeping it Modern initiative of the Getty Foundation.…”

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“…It is also concluded that tourism is the main driver of the digital transformation of heritage [35] and digital technology tools, such as 3D technology, laser technology, geographic information technology, database modelling, providing important tools for risk management, monitoring, planning and visualisation of cultural heritage [36]. In the analysis of the scientific communities that have been found are applications in archaeology, with related means of detection, such as laser scanning, radar, remote sensing or photogrammetry [37].…”