Cultural, biological and chemical control of Moniliophthora roreri and Phytophthora spp IN Theobroma cacao ‘CCN-51’

Anzules, Vicente; Borjas, R.; Alvarado, L.; Castro-Cépero, Viviana; Otiniano, Alberto Julca

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2019.04.08

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…La producción de cacao es muy importante en países tropicales como el Ecuador, pero persisten problemas sanitarios que limitan el aumento de la productividad y por tanto causan un daño a la economía de los pequeños productores cacaoteros (Anzules et al, 2019). De los tres problemas detectados en las mazorcas de cacao CCN-51, el "cherelle wilt" fue el de mayor incidencia, con valores prácticamente similares para las dos localidades estudiadas (21%) y más altos que los reportados para "moniliasis" y "pudrición parda".…”

Section: Resultados Y Discusiónunclassified

Incidencia de "cherelle wilt" y enfermedades fungosas en mazorcas de cacao 'CCN-51' en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador

Toala

Bonilla

Alvarado-Huamán

et al. 2022

Idesia

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Section: Resultados Y Discusiónunclassified

Incidencia de "cherelle wilt" y enfermedades fungosas en mazorcas de cacao 'CCN-51' en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador

Toala

Bonilla

Alvarado-Huamán

et al. 2022

Idesia

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“…These results demonstrated that, for the control of the pathogens in cacao pods, the cultural labors were important, but when it was complemented with other control methods (biological or chemical), the results were better and allowed to obtein the highest rates of economic return (Jáuregui, 2001). In a similar work carried out in the Ecuadorian town of Puerto Limon, it was found that in a treatment where various components were also combined [Cultural Labor + Chlorothalonil (1 kg ha -1 ) (every 15 days) + Pyraclostrobin (0.5 kg ha -1 ) (every 90 days) + Fertilizer (0.4 kg plant -1 ) + Fertilizer (2 kg plant -1 )], the results showed that it was the one that allowed the highest net income per ha (Anzules et al, 2019). In other study carried out in Manabi (Ecuador), the percentage of healthy pods increased due to the use of chemical fungicides (Arroyave, 2007), but the number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of dry cocoa corresponded to T9, a biological control treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

et al. 2021

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Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income.

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“…It is only with good agricultural practices that chemical and biological interventions are cost-effective, because cultural methods alone are inadequate to control FPR (Bateman et al, 2005). Several studies report the use of fungicides as a tactic within a FPR disease management in cacao farms (Anzules et al, 2019;Bailey et al, 2018;Bateman et al, 2005;Krauss et al, 2010;Terrero Yépez et al, 2018;Torres De La Cruz et al, 2013). In this context, the lack of cacao resistant clones (Yamashita & Fraaije, 2018;Zhao et al, 2019), high morphological and molecular diversity of pathogen (Maridueña-Zavala et al, 2016), and the disease development due to climatic variables (Leandro-Muñoz et al, 2017) make it necessary to develop programmed applications of fungicides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition and stimulation of mycelial growth of Moniliophthora roreri by flutolanil in populations of Ecuador

Amaya-Márquez

Espinoza-Lozano

Villavicencio-Vásquez

et al. 2022

Acta Agron.

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Frosty pod rot (FPR) of cacao is caused by Moniliophthora roreri (MR). Effective management must include chemical or biological control, in addition to agronomic tactics. Flutolanil has been effective in controlling FPR. The objective of this research was to determine the response to flutolanil of MR isolates from the Amazon and Coast regions of Ecuador. Percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI), and medium inhibitory concentration (IC50) against three concentrations of the fungicide were determined. One µg mL-1 of flutolanil in the culture medium inhibited completely the growth of the 76 MR isolates. At 0.1 μg mL-1, 74/76 were inhibited between 70-97 % compared to the control. Conversely, at the lower concentrations (0.01-0.001 μg mL-1) the results of inhibition were only of 22 % and 47 %, respectively. Four groups were identified: one included the most sensitive (66/76) to different degrees, and three groups representing 10 isolates that were stimulated at low concentrations of flutolanil. IC50 values were low, indicating very high sensitivity in the MR population. IC50max were 0.1342 and 0.1457 in two isolates from the Coast and the Amazon regions, respectively. Isolates from the Coast were significantly less sensitive to flutolanil than those from the Amazon ( IC50 = 0.046 ± 0.03 and IC50 = 0.030 ± 0.02, respectively), however, the differences were minimal. There were no significant differences when comparing the provinces. The most stimulated isolates were found in the provinces of Orellana and Los Ríos. It is concluded that flutolanil seems effective against the causal agent of FPR in Ecuador, both Coast and Amazon regions.

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Cultural, biological and chemical control of Moniliophthora roreri and Phytophthora spp IN Theobroma cacao ‘CCN-51’

Cited by 11 publications

References 1 publication

Incidencia de "cherelle wilt" y enfermedades fungosas en mazorcas de cacao 'CCN-51' en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador

Incidencia de "cherelle wilt" y enfermedades fungosas en mazorcas de cacao 'CCN-51' en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador

Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

Inhibition and stimulation of mycelial growth of Moniliophthora roreri by flutolanil in populations of Ecuador

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