Cultivation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Effect of Operating Conditions on Growth and Biomass Composition

Sánchez-Bayo, Alejandra; Morales, Victoria; Rodríguez, Rosalía; Vicente, Gemma; Bautista, Luis Fernando

doi:10.3390/molecules25122834

Cited by 50 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…(clone T. ISO ), Pavlova lutheri , and Nannochloropsis oculata , the protein accumulation was enhanced during the exponential phase but started to decline during the stationary phase [ 117 ]. Protein accumulation in the biomasses of C. vulgaris and N. gaditana was maximized during exponential growth but declined for C. vulgaris four days into the stationary growth phase [ 118 ]; this reaffirms the important effect of the growth phase on final biomass protein content. An optimal harvest time in the exponential phase should be determined by assessing both the accumulation rate and total yield to achieve the maximal protein production rate.…”

Section: Protein Content Of Microalgae Collected At Different Growth Phasesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements

Wang

Tibbetts

McGinn

2021

Foods

136

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As a result of population growth, an emerging middle-class, and a more health-conscious society concerned with overconsumption of fats and carbohydrates, dietary protein intake is on the rise. To address this rapid change in the food market, and the subsequent high demand for protein products, agriculture, aquaculture, and the food industry have been working actively in recent years to increase protein product output from both production and processing aspects. Dietary proteins derived from animal sources are of the highest quality, containing well-balanced profiles of essential amino acids that generally exceed those of other food sources. However, as a result of studies highlighting low production efficiency (e.g., feed to food conversion) and significant environmental impacts, together with the negative health impacts associated with the dietary intake of some animal products, especially red meats, the consumption of animal proteins has been remaining steady or even declining over the past few decades. To fill this gap, researchers and product development specialists at all levels have been working closely to discover new sources of protein, such as plant-based ingredients. In this regard, microalgae have been recognized as strategic crops, which, due to their vast biological diversity, have distinctive phenotypic traits and interactions with the environment in the production of biomass and protein, offering possibilities of production of large quantities of microalgal protein through manipulating growing systems and conditions and bioengineering technologies. Despite this, microalgae remain underexploited crops and research into their nutritional values and health benefits is in its infancy. In fact, only a small handful of microalgal species are being produced at a commercial scale for use as human food or protein supplements. This review is intended to provide an overview on microalgal protein content, its impact by environmental factors, its protein quality, and its associated evaluation methods. We also attempt to present the current challenges and future research directions, with a hope to enhance the research, product development, and commercialization, and ultimately meet the rapidly increasing market demand for high-quality protein products.

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Section: Protein Content Of Microalgae Collected At Different Growth Phasesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements

Wang

Tibbetts

McGinn

2021

Foods

136

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“…The algal biomass increases with the culture time [ 71 ]. Hu et al showed that the maximum harvesting efficiency could be obtained on days 14–18, i.e., when the biomass reaches the peak value [ 70 , 72 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fe3O4-PEI Nanocomposites for Magnetic Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides

Gerulová¹,

Kucmanová²,

Sanny³

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Magnetic separation of microalgae using magnetite is a promising harvesting method as it is fast, reliable, low cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly. In the present work, magnetic harvesting of three green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella ellipsoidea, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides) and one cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) has been studied. The biomass was flushed with clean air using a 0.22 μm filter and fed CO2 for accelerated growth and faster reach of the exponential growth phase. The microalgae were harvested with magnetite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were prepared by controlled co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations in ammonia at room temperature. Subsequently, the prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The prepared materials were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and zeta potential measurements. The prepared nanomaterials were used for magnetic harvesting of microalgae. The highest harvesting efficiencies were found for PEI-coated Fe3O4. The efficiency was pH-dependent. Higher harvesting efficiencies, up to 99%, were obtained in acidic solutions. The results show that magnetic harvesting can be significantly enhanced by PEI coating, as it increases the positive electrical charge of the nanoparticles. Most importantly, the flocculants can be prepared at room temperature, thereby reducing the production costs.

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“…However, some authors indicated that the f/2 medium is not suitable for cyanobacterial culture [ 41 ]. On the other hand, there are studies that confirm that cyanobacteria achieved the highest biomass on the f/2 medium [ 42 ]. Regardless of the medium used, it is possible that nutrient enrichment from the macroalgal extract may provide essential growth-related nutrients to cyanobacterial cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals

Budzałek

Śliwińska‐Wilczewska

Klin

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Macroalgae can directly restrict the growth of various phytoplankton species by releasing allelopathic compounds; therefore, considerable attention should be paid to the allelopathic potential of these organisms against harmful and bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time the allelopathic activity of Ulva intestinalis on the growth, the fluorescence parameters: the maximum PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), the chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoid (Car) content, and the microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and phenol content of three bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Aphanizomenon sp., Nodularia spumigena, and Nostoc sp. We found both negative and positive allelopathic effects of U. intestinalis on tested cyanobacteria. The study clearly showed that the addition of the filtrate of U. intestinalis significantly inhibited growth, decreased pigment content and Fv/Fm and ΦPSII values of N. spumigena and Nostoc sp., and stimulated Aphanizomenon sp. The addition of different concentrations of aqueous extract also stimulated the cyanobacterial growth. It was also shown that the addition of extract obtained from U. intestinalis caused a significant decrease in the MC-LR content in Nostoc sp. cells. Moreover, it the phenol content in N. spumigena cells was increased. On the other hand, the cell-specific phenol content for Aphanizomenon sp. decreased due to the addition of the filtrate. In this work, we demonstrated that the allelopathic effect of U. intestinalis depends on the target species’ identity as well as the type of allelopathic method used. The study of the allelopathic Baltic macroalgae may help to identify their possible role as a significant biological factor influencing harmful cyanobacterial blooms in brackish ecosystems.

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Cultivation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Effect of Operating Conditions on Growth and Biomass Composition

Cited by 50 publications

References 60 publications

Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements

Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements

Fe3O4-PEI Nanocomposites for Magnetic Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides

Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals

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