Cultivated mushrooms: importance of a multipurpose crop, with special focus on Italian fungiculture

Ferraro, Valeria; Venturella, Giuseppe; Pecoraro, Vincent L.; Gao, Wenyuan; Gargano, Maria Letizia

doi:10.1080/11263504.2020.1837283

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…The cultivation of medicinal mushrooms on a large scale is performed mainly in China, where the mushroom-based nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products industry is highly developed [ 15 ]. It should be noted that most of the production facilities in China do not have internationally recognized good manufacturing practices (GMP) and that many European companies that sell mushroom-based products are supplied by Chinese manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mushroom-Based Supplements in Italy: Let’s Open Pandora’s Box

et al. 2023

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Mushrooms and derivates are well known to the scientific community for having different health benefits and exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulating, neuroprotective and osteoprotective actions. In Europe, medical mushrooms are mainly marketed in the form of food supplements as single components or combined with other nutraceuticals. In this context, the first peculiarity that distinguishes it is the safety established through the “history of consumption” that characterizes that mushroom. However, the cultivation of medicinal mushrooms on a large scale is performed mainly in China, where most of the production facilities do not have internationally recognized good manufacturing practices, despite that many European companies that sell myotherapies are supplied by Chinese manufacturers. This is particularly evident in Italy, where an arsenal of mushroom products is marketed in the form of powders and extracts not always of ascertained origin and sometimes of doubtful taxonomic identification, and thus not meeting the quality criteria required. The growing interest in mycotherapy involves a strong commitment from the scientific community to propose supplements of safe origin and genetic purity as well as to promote clinical trials to evaluate its real effects on humans. The purpose of this research is to analyze different mushroom-based dietary supplements used in medicine as monotherapy on the Italian market and to evaluate their composition and quality. The molecular identification of the sequences with those deposited in GenBank allowed for identifying 6 out of 19 samples, matching with those deposited belonging to the species indicated in the label, i.e., Lentinula edodes (samples 1, 4, 12 and 18) and Ganoderma lucidum (samples 5 and 10). Samples containing Ganoderma, labeled in the commercial product as G. lucidum, showed sequences that showed homology of 100% and 99% with G. resinaceum and G. sichuanense. An additional investigation was carried out in order to determine the active fungal ingredients, such as ergosterol, aflatoxins, heavy metals, nicotine and total glucan. The results obtained and shown in the manuscript highlight how the data were not only in line with what is expected with respect to what is indicated in the labels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mushroom-Based Supplements in Italy: Let’s Open Pandora’s Box

et al. 2023

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“…The world production of mushrooms with nutraceutical value has been estimated to reach $18 billion in the first years of XXI century (Gargano et al 2017). Currently, the main mushroom producer and consumer is China, covering almost the 75% of the wholeworld production and meeting large external and internal market demands (Royse et al 2017;Ferraro et al 2020). Due to their putative antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and immunomodulating properties, mushrooms are included in hundreds of different food supplements called "mushroom pharmaceutical," successfully commercialized worldwide (Lindequist 2013;Gargano et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In several countries, particularly in Asia (e.g., Japan, China), the fungus is cultivated in bottle, bag, and outdoor bed cultures, in order to produce the high value fruiting bodies also know with the japanese name of Maitake and the chinese name "hui-shu-hua" (gray tree flower) (Mayuzumi et al 1997). In the last years, this mushroom ranked 11th among all cultivated fungal species in the world in terms of annual output (Chang, 2006) and both fresh and dried Maitake basidiomata are commercialized in Asia, EU, USA, and Canada (Ferraro et al 2020). Good taste and delicate aroma make this fungus as excellent to be consumed fresh; however, due to its peculiar biochemical profile, G. frondosa is not only used as a food ingredient, but also as nutraceutical component in food supplements based on mushrooms, generally in dried powder form (Wu et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid and Efficient Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for the Authentication of Food Supplements Based on Maitake (Grifola Frondosa)

et al. 2022

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Grifola frondosa (“Maitake”) is an edible fungus with several nutraceutical properties, largely used in traditional medicine. The increased use of Maitake as a food supplements ingredient raised the need of accurate authentication methods since the morphological identification of G. frondosa is not feasible in formulated food supplements. We developed a diagnostic tool based on loop-mediated isothermal AMPlification (LAMP) for the detection of G. frondosa in food supplements. First, a modified CTAB protocol for DNA extraction from food supplements has been set up and it has been shown to be able to isolate amplifiable total genomic material from different types of commercial products. Subsequently, the LAMP assay confirmed high specificity and good analytical sensitivity, allowing to detect up to 0.62 pg of genomic DNA in less than 20 min. Ten related fungal species resulted negative, confirming the specificity of the assay. The presence of Maitake in commercial food supplements was confirmed, except for one, revealing a mislabeling (or a food fraud). This assay proved to be a rapid powerful tool for food authentication purposes and routine inspections at any level of the supply chain of Maitake-based products and it can be used as a model for other quality control assays of fungal food products. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12161-022-02235-0.

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“…Although many different species are harvested from the wild, since it is estimated that around 700 mushroom species are edible [4], only a few, 130, have been domesticated [2], and just around 12 species are cultivated for commercial use as food or medicine [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odor Profile of Four Cultivated and Freeze-Dried Edible Mushrooms by Using Sensory Panel, Electronic Nose and GC-MS

Gómez

González

Tejedor-Calvo

et al. 2022

JoF

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Cultivated mushrooms are well-known nutrient inputs for an equilibrated diet. Some species are broadly appreciated due to their medicinal properties. Lately, a number of novel foods and nutraceuticals based on dehydrated and freeze-dried powder obtained from cultivated mushrooms has been reaching the market. The food industry requires fast and reliable tools to prevent fraud. In this, work we have cultivated Agaricus bisporus sp. bisporus (AB) (white button mushroom), Agaricus bisporus sp. brunnescens (ABP) (portobello), Lentinula edodes (LE) (shiitake) and Grifola frondosa (GF) (maitake) using tailor-made substrates for the different species and standardized cropping conditions, which were individually freeze-dried to obtain the samples under evaluation. The aim of this article was to validate the use of two different methodologies, namely, electronic nose and sensory panel, to discriminate the olfactory profile of nutritional products based on freeze-dried mushrooms from the different cultivated species. Additionally, GC-MS was used to detect and quantify the most abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the samples. The multivariate analysis performed proved the utility of electronic nose as an analytical tool, which was similar to the classical sensory panel but faster in distinguishing among the different species, with one limitation it being unable to differentiate between the same species. GC-MS analysis showed the chemical volatile formulation of the samples, also showing significant differences between different samples but high similarities between varieties of the same cultivated species. The techniques employed can be used to prevent fraud and have the potential to evaluate further medicinal mushroom species and build solid and trustful connections between these novel food products and potential consumers.

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Cultivated mushrooms: importance of a multipurpose crop, with special focus on Italian fungiculture

Cited by 12 publications

References 94 publications

Mushroom-Based Supplements in Italy: Let’s Open Pandora’s Box

Mushroom-Based Supplements in Italy: Let’s Open Pandora’s Box

A Rapid and Efficient Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for the Authentication of Food Supplements Based on Maitake (Grifola Frondosa)

Odor Profile of Four Cultivated and Freeze-Dried Edible Mushrooms by Using Sensory Panel, Electronic Nose and GC-MS

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