Culicoides–virus interactions: infection barriers and possible factors underlying vector competence

Mills, Mary Katherine; Michel, Kristin; Pfannenstiel, R. S.; Ruder, Mark G.; Veronesi, Eva; Nayduch, Dana

doi:10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.003

Cited by 34 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 59 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These trends are similar to previous reports that monitored orbivirus load and infection prevalence in C . sonorensis [ 40 ]. Our observations are further supported by published IHC analyses, which detected BTV within the midgut epithelium by 3 dpf [ 14 , 17 ], and within the salivary glands and saliva between 5–7 dpf [ 14 , 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the C . sonorensis midges that ingested a virus-spiked blood meal, only 50% were positive for EHDV at 10 dpf, indicating that 50% of midges ingested a viral inoculum titer that was too low to establish infection, cleared the infection by various innate antiviral responses, or were refractory to EHDV [ 40 ]. This 50% infection rate was also observed prior to complete blood meal digestion (1.5 dpf) and dissemination (2–4 dpf), suggesting that if virus was ingested, it was cleared in the meal before establishing infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dynamics of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection within the vector, Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are confirmed vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), which causes mortality in white-tailed deer and ruminant populations. Currently, of the seven EHDV serotypes, only 1, 2, and 6 are detected in the USA, and very few studies have focused on the infection time course of these serotypes within the midge. The objective of this current research was to characterize EHDV-2 infection within the midge by measuring infection prevalence, virus dissemination, and viral load over the course of infection. Midges were fed a blood meal containing 106.9 PFU/ml EHDV-2, collected every 12 h from 0–2 days post feeding (dpf) and daily from 3–10 dpf, and cohorts of 20 C. sonorensis were processed using techniques that assessed EHDV infection and dissemination. Cytopathic effect assays and quantitative (q)PCR were used to determine infection prevalence, revealing a 50% infection rate by 10 dpf using both methods. Using immunohistochemistry, EHDV-2 infection was detectable at 5 dpf, and shown to disseminate from the midgut to other tissues, including fat body, eyes, and salivary glands by 5 dpf. Stain intensity increased from 5–8 dpf, indicating replication of EHDV-2 in secondary infection sites after dissemination. This finding is also supported by trends in viral load over time as determined by plaque assays and qPCR. An increase in titer between 4–5 dpf correlated with viral replication in the midgut as seen with staining at day 5, while the subsequent gradual increase in viral load from 8–10 dpf suggested viral replication in midges with disseminated infection. Overall, the data presented herein suggest that EHDV-2 disseminates via the hemolymph to secondary infection sites throughout the midge and demonstrate a high potential for transmission at five days at 25°C after an infective blood-meal.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection within the vector, Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent studies have identified a functional response to RNAi in KC cells derived from C. sonorensis which are successful in inhibiting BTV infection (132). While other studies have demonstrated that putative RNAi pathway members exist in C. sonorensis, it is unclear how these interactions limit viral replication within the invertebrate host (133). Successful release of BTV into the hemocoel allows for transit and subsequent multiplication in multiple tissues and organs.…”

Section: Invertebrate Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Dynamics Impacting Bluetongue Virus Transmission in North America

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…One solution often used is intrathoracic inoculation, in which virus is introduced directly into the thorax of the vector. The mortality associated with such a method is typically outweighed by the quantitative benefit of avoiding the problems of low feeding rates and highly effective midgut infection and escape barriers [ 64 , 65 • ], and may be useful for dissecting the relative roles of the dissemination barriers within the insect in determining vector competence [ 52 ] or as an initial screen of potential vectors [ 66 ], but given the route of infection and dose, the scope of research questions for which this approach can be considered useful is necessarily narrow.…”

Section: Methods Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%